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Table 3 Explanation of test-taking disengagement in numeracy (N = 13,947)
| Predictor | Model 0 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate | (SE) | Estimate | (SE) | Estimate | (SE) | Estimate | (SE) | |
| Intercept | − 15.91*** | (0.26) | − 15.71*** | (0.42) | − 16.03*** | (0.29) | − 15.79*** | (0.43) |
| Educational attainment | ||||||||
| High school | − 0.46 | (0.33) | − 0.48 | (0.33) | ||||
| Above high school | − 0.78* | (0.35) | − 0.84* | (0.35) | ||||
| Language (test language not same as native language) | 0.65* | (0.26) | 0.69** | (0.26) | ||||
| Score cognitive pre-test | − 0.52*** | (0.13) | − 0.43** | (0.14) | ||||
| Gender (female) | 0.02 | (0.22) | 0.00 | (0.22) | ||||
| Age group | ||||||||
| 25–34 | 0.33 | (0.37) | 0.34 | (0.37) | ||||
| 35–54 | 0.33 | (0.32) | 0.32 | (0.32) | ||||
| 55 or more | 0.32 | (0.38) | 0.32 | (0.38) | ||||
| Position (module 2) | 0.84*** | (0.23) | 0.92*** | (0.23) | ||||
| Item difficulty | 3.42*** | (0.39) | 3.34*** | (0.38) | ||||
| Item difficulty × score cognitive pre-test | − 0.43** | (0.14) | ||||||
| \(Var\left( {b_{0p} } \right)\) | 147.47 | 141.71 | 137.12 | 130.94 | ||||
| \(Var\left( {b_{0i} } \right)\) | 0.92 | 0.91 | 0.69 | 0.68 | ||||
