Large-scale Assessments in Education

An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal

Table 3 Group differences in mean proficiency

From: Performance decline in low-stakes educational assessments: different mixture modeling approaches

Model	μ _nac	σ _nac	μ _aca	σ _aca	d (SE)
2PLM	− 1.07	0.82	0^a	1^a	1.17 (0.020)
2PDM	− 1.03	0.82	− 0.04	1.01	1.08 (0.020)
HYBRID	− 1.00	0.82	0.00	1.00	1.10 (0.020)
MPDM	− 1.03	0.82	− 0.03	1.00	1.09 (0.020)

nac: non-academic group; aca: academic group; 2PLM: multigroup 2PLM; 2PDM: multigroup two-class performance decline model; HYBRID: multigroup HYBRID model; MPDM: multigroup multiclass performance decline model. μ and σ obtained from the marginal distribution of θ within groups
^aParameters are fixed

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