Same but different? Measurement invariance of the PIAAC motivation-to-learn scale across key socio-demographic groups

Large-scale Assessments in Education

An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal

Table 1 Descriptive statistics for each country using sampling weights

Country	N	Female (%)	Level of education (%)			Age group (%)			Migration background (%)
Country	N	Female (%)	High	Intermediate	Low	16–29	30–49	50–65	Migration background (%)
Australia	7430	50	33	39	28	30	42	29	17
Austria	5130	50	17	60	23	26	44	31	14
Canada	26,683	50	46	39	15	27	41	33	22
Czech Republic	6102	50	18	67	16	25	43	32	2
Denmark	7328	50	34	40	26	26	42	32	11
Estonia	7632	52	37	45	18	28	41	30	4
Finland	5464	50	36	44	20	26	39	35	4
France	6993	51	27	45	28	27	42	32	9
Germany	5465	50	30	53	17	25	44	31	13
Ireland	5983	51	32	40	28	28	47	26	10
Italy	4621	50	12	34	54	23	47	30	9
Japan	5278	50	42	44	15	23	44	33	–^a
Korea	6667	50	35	43	22	26	46	28	1
The Netherlands	5169	50	31	38	31	26	42	32	10
Norway	5128	49	35	38	27	27	43	30	13
Poland	9366	51	26	59	15	30	39	31	1
Slovak Republic	5723	50	19	60	21	29	42	29	6
Spain	6055	50	29	23	47	21	48	30	8
Sweden	4469	49	28	48	24	28	41	32	17
United Kingdom	8892	50	36	40	24	29	42	29	11
United States	5010	51	36	50	15	29	41	30	15
OECD total/average	150,588	50	30	45	24	27	43	31	9