An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal
Table 3 Instrumental-variable models exploiting changes in compulsory schooling laws across US States.
From: Skills, earnings, and employment: exploring causality in the estimation of returns to skills
All levels of school attainment | At most high school | More than high school | At most high school | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age 35–54 | Age 35–65 | |||||
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
Second stage (dependent variable: log gross hourly wage) | ||||||
Numeracy | .661*** (.305) | .798*** (.246) | .659*** (.182) | .783*** (.273) | .633*** (.306) | |
State fixed effects | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Age quartic | X | |||||
Birth year fixed effects | X | X | X | X | X | |
State-specific trends | X | |||||
First stage (dependent variable: numeracy skills) | ||||||
Minimum school-leaving age | .027*** (.005) | .029*** (.008) | .061*** (.016) | −.000 (.006) | .047*** (.020) | .057*** (.022) |
Instrument F statistic | 25.9 | 15.1 | 14.5 | 0.0 | 5.7 | 6.5 |
Observations | 932 | 932 | 369 | 563 | 520 | 520 |