Fig. 2From: Degrees of competency: the relationship between educational qualifications and adult skills across countriesLiteracy skills by detailed educational attainment and country, adjusting for age, gender, parental education, migration background and books in the home at age 16. Source: Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), 2012; own calculations. Notes ISCED = International Standard Classification of Education. Sample is restricted to adults aged 25–65 years in 2011 and to respondents who completed their highest educational qualification in the country they participated in for PIAAC. Reference categories: 25–30 years, male, both parents ISCED 2 or below, no migration background, standardized measure of books. a ISCED 5A BA for England/Northern Ireland includes both BA and MA, as well as ISCED 6Back to article page