An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal
Table 5 PIRLS grade 4—explained variance of school-averaged reading score by model and country
Country | Model 1* | Model 2* | Model 3* | Model 4* | Model 5* | Model 6* | Model 7* | Model 8* | Model 9* | Model 10* | Model 11* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R2 (adj.) | R2 (adj.) | R2 (adj.) | R2 (adj.) | R2 (adj.) | R2 (adj.) | R2 (adj.) | R2 (adj.) | R2 (adj.) | R2 (adj.) | R2 (adj.) | |
Australia | 0.32 (0.09) | 0.40 (0.07) | 0.40 (0.08) | 0.41 (0.08) | 0.41 (0.08) | 0.42 (0.09) | 0.52 (0.06) | 0.52 (0.06) | 0.52 (0.06) | 0.51 (0.07) | 0.52 (0.06) |
Austria | 0.08 (0.05) | 0.08 (0.05) | 0.10 (0.05) | 0.14 (0.05) | 0.14 (0.06) | 0.14 (0.05) | 0.14 (0.06) | 0.14 (0.06) | 0.18 (0.06) | 0.30 (0.06) | 0.37 (0.05) |
Republic of Azerbaijan | 0.02 (0.05) | 0.02 (0.07) | 0.05 (0.08) | 0.07 (0.08) | 0.12 (0.06) | 0.14 (0.08) | 0.14 (0.08) | 0.15 (0.09) | 0.18 (0.08) | 0.17 (0.15) | 0.18 (0.15) |
Belgium (French) | 0.28 (0.07) | 0.30 (0.05) | 0.32 (0.05) | 0.32 (0.05) | 0.32 (0.06) | 0.32 (0.06) | 0.35 (0.06) | 0.36 (0.06) | 0.40 (0.06) | 0.50 (0.05) | 0.55 (0.06) |
Botswana | 0.28 (0.08) | 0.40 (0.07) | 0.47 (0.07) | 0.57 (0.08) | 0.58 (0.08) | 0.58 (0.08) | 0.60 (0.08) | 0.61 (0.08) | 0.62 (0.08) | 0.62 (0.08) | 0.58 (0.08) |
Bulgaria | 0.06 (0.07) | 0.09 (0.09) | 0.15 (0.07) | 0.25 (0.07) | 0.27 (0.08) | 0.28 (0.09) | 0.28 (0.09) | 0.28 (0.10) | 0.30 (0.09) | 0.37 (0.08) | 0.37 (0.08) |
Canada | 0.11 (0.03) | 0.11 (0.03) | 0.13 (0.03) | 0.14 (0.03) | 0.15 (0.03) | 0.19 (0.04) | 0.22 (0.04) | 0.22 (0.04) | 0.22 (0.04) | 0.23 (0.04) | 0.23 (0.05) |
Canada (Alberta) | 0.27 (0.08) | 0.30 (0.09) | 0.31 (0.09) | 0.33 (0.09) | 0.34 (0.09) | 0.34 (0.09) | 0.35 (0.09) | 0.36 (0.09) | 0.37 (0.10) | 0.38 (0.10) | 0.37 (0.10) |
Canada (Ontario) | 0.11 (0.05) | 0.11 (0.05) | 0.12 (0.05) | 0.14 (0.07) | 0.15 (0.07) | 0.27 (0.07) | 0.28 (0.08) | 0.28 (0.08) | 0.28 (0.08) | 0.27 (0.08) | 0.25 (0.08) |
Canada (Quebec) | 0.06 (0.06) | 0.05 (0.06) | 0.07 (0.08) | 0.08 (0.10) | 0.08 (0.10) | 0.12 (0.10) | 0.13 (0.11) | 0.14 (0.12) | 0.14 (0.14) | 0.12 (0.16) | 0.11 (0.16) |
Chinese Taipei | 0.40 (0.08) | 0.40 (0.08) | 0.54 (0.09) | 0.61 (0.09) | 0.61 (0.09) | 0.62 (0.10) | 0.73 (0.08) | 0.73 (0.08) | 0.73 (0.08) | 0.75 (0.08) | 0.77 (0.08) |
Colombia | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.22 (0.09) | 0.22 (0.09) | 0.24 (0.09) | 0.31 (0.12) | 0.38 (0.11) | 0.40 (0.10) | 0.40 (0.10) | 0.48 (0.12) | 0.51 (0.12) |
Croatia | 0.10 (0.06) | 0.09 (0.06) | 0.27 (0.09) | 0.30 (0.10) | 0.30 (0.10) | 0.30 (0.10) | 0.30 (0.10) | 0.31 (0.09) | 0.33 (0.09) | 0.35 (0.09) | 0.36 (0.10) |
Czech Republic | 0.11 (0.07) | 0.11 (0.08) | 0.14 (0.07) | 0.16 (0.07) | 0.16 (0.07) | 0.17 (0.07) | 0.17 (0.07) | 0.23 (0.07) | 0.23 (0.07) | 0.24 (0.07) | 0.27 (0.08) |
Denmark | 0.14 (0.05) | 0.15 (0.05) | 0.16 (0.06) | 0.18 (0.06) | 0.18 (0.06) | 0.18 (0.06) | 0.21 (0.05) | 0.21 (0.05) | 0.22 (0.06) | 0.24 (0.06) | 0.25 (0.06) |
England | 0.27 (0.07) | 0.32 (0.07) | 0.31 (0.08) | 0.35 (0.08) | 0.35 (0.08) | 0.39 (0.09) | 0.39 (0.09) | 0.39 (0.09) | 0.40 (0.09) | 0.50 (0.08) | 0.55 (0.07) |
Finland | 0.07 (0.05) | 0.08 (0.05) | 0.09 (0.05) | 0.14 (0.06) | 0.14 (0.06) | 0.15 (0.07) | 0.16 (0.07) | 0.21 (0.09) | 0.21 (0.09) | 0.24 (0.09) | 0.28 (0.10) |
France | 0.25 (0.06) | 0.25 (0.06) | 0.26 (0.06) | 0.25 (0.06) | 0.25 (0.06) | 0.26 (0.06) | 0.30 (0.06) | 0.36 (0.06) | 0.37 (0.06) | 0.37 (0.07) | 0.38 (0.07) |
Georgia | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.08 (0.05) | 0.08 (0.05) | 0.08 (0.05) | 0.15 (0.05) | 0.15 (0.06) | 0.16 (0.06) | 0.17 (0.06) | 0.16 (0.05) | 0.17 (0.06) |
Germany | 0.08 (0.05) | 0.19 (0.10) | 0.19 (0.10) | 0.19 (0.10) | 0.21 (0.09) | 0.32 (0.10) | 0.45 (0.06) | 0.46 (0.06) | 0.46 (0.06) | 0.47 (0.06) | 0.54 (0.07) |
Republic of Honduras | 0.13 (0.07) | 0.23 (0.08) | 0.28 (0.09) | 0.28 (0.10) | 0.28 (0.10) | 0.36 (0.08) | 0.36 (0.08) | 0.40 (0.07) | 0.41 (0.08) | 0.43 (0.10) | 0.43 (0.10) |
Hong Kong. SAR | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.03 (0.05) | 0.02 (0.06) | 0.02 (0.06) | 0.05 (0.07) | 0.05 (0.08) | 0.04 (0.08) | 0.04 (0.09) | 0.05 (0.08) | 0.10 (0.10) | 0.12 (0.10) |
Hungary | 0.26 (0.06) | 0.48 (0.08) | 0.55 (0.08) | 0.55 (0.08) | 0.56 (0.07) | 0.57 (0.07) | 0.58 (0.06) | 0.58 (0.07) | 0.59 (0.07) | 0.57 (0.08) | 0.60 (0.07) |
Indonesia | 0.06 (0.04) | 0.08 (0.05) | 0.12 (0.05) | 0.12 (0.05) | 0.13 (0.05) | 0.13 (0.05) | 0.13 (0.06) | 0.14 (0.06) | 0.14 (0.06) | 0.26 (0.08) | 0.26 (0.08) |
Islamic Republic of Iran | 0.06 (0.04) | 0.08 (0.04) | 0.32 (0.05) | 0.32 (0.05) | 0.33 (0.05) | 0.36 (0.05) | 0.39 (0.06) | 0.40 (0.06) | 0.42 (0.06) | 0.43 (0.06) | 0.43 (0.06) |
Ireland | 0.06 (0.05) | 0.09 (0.07) | 0.12 (0.08) | Models were not computed because questions ACBG16A and ACBG16B were not administered | |||||||
Israel | 0.21 (0.06) | 0.33 (0.06) | 0.35 (0.05) | 0.35 (0.05) | 0.35 (0.05) | 0.38 (0.06) | 0.40 (0.05) | 0.41 (0.05) | 0.41 (0.05) | 0.41 (0.06) | 0.45 (0.06) |
Italy | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.05) | 0.03 (0.04) | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.04 (0.06) | 0.09 (0.06) |
Kuwait | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.03) | −0.01 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.05) | 0.02 (0.05) | 0.02 (0.05) | 0.16 (0.09) | 0.18 (0.09) | 0.22 (0.11) | 0.23 (0.12) |
Lithuania | 0.17 (0.06) | 0.17 (0.05) | 0.30 (0.06) | 0.28 (0.06) | 0.29 (0.06) | 0.30 (0.06) | 0.32 (0.06) | 0.31 (0.06) | 0.34 (0.08) | 0.37 (0.07) | 0.44 (0.08) |
Malta | 0.09 (0.07) | 0.15 (0.07) | 0.15 (0.09) | 0.16 (0.09) | 0.16 (0.09) | 0.19 (0.08) | 0.24 (0.08) | 0.23 (0.08) | 0.23 (0.07) | 0.23 (0.08) | 0.28 (0.08) |
Malta (Maltese) | 0.18 (0.06) | 0.21 (0.07) | 0.20 (0.07) | 0.19 (0.07) | 0.19 (0.08) | 0.19 (0.08) | 0.18 (0.08) | 0.17 (0.08) | 0.16 (0.08) | 0.16 (0.09) | 0.21 (0.10) |
Morocco | 0.10 (0.05) | 0.10 (0.05) | 0.20 (0.06) | 0.20 (0.07) | 0.20 (0.07) | 0.20 (0.07) | 0.20 (0.07) | 0.24 (0.06) | 0.24 (0.06) | 0.36 (0.07) | 0.35 (0.07) |
Morocco (Grade 6) | 0.14 (0.06) | 0.14 (0.06) | 0.26 (0.05) | 0.27 (0.06) | 0.27 (0.06) | 0.27 (0.06) | 0.32 (0.06) | 0.35 (0.05) | 0.35 (0.05) | 0.38 (0.06) | 0.35 (0.07) |
Netherlands | 0.22 (0.06) | 0.23 (0.06) | 0.26 (0.07) | 0.27 (0.07) | 0.28 (0.08) | 0.28 (0.07) | 0.28 (0.08) | 0.29 (0.07) | 0.30 (0.07) | 0.32 (0.09) | 0.32 (0.09) |
New Zealand | 0.19 (0.08) | 0.26 (0.07) | 0.26 (0.07) | 0.29 (0.06) | 0.31 (0.06) | 0.31 (0.06) | 0.31 (0.06) | 0.32 (0.07) | 0.32 (0.07) | 0.33 (0.09) | 0.33 (0.09) |
Northern Ireland | 0.24 (0.07) | 0.25 (0.06) | 0.24 (0.08) | 0.24 (0.08) | 0.25 (0.08) | 0.29 (0.10) | 0.29 (0.11) | 0.30 (0.11) | 0.31 (0.11) | 0.36 (0.14) | 0.43 (0.12) |
Norway | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.15 (0.08) | 0.18 (0.09) | 0.20 (0.08) | 0.23 (0.08) | 0.27 (0.07) | 0.27 (0.07) | 0.28 (0.07) | 0.29 (0.07) | 0.28 (0.06) |
Oman | 0.07 (0.03) | 0.14 (0.05) | 0.15 (0.05) | 0.15 (0.05) | 0.20 (0.07) | 0.24 (0.06) | 0.24 (0.07) | 0.24 (0.06) | 0.26 (0.07) | 0.25 (0.07) | 0.29 (0.07) |
Poland | 0.17 (0.07) | 0.17 (0.07) | 0.24 (0.07) | 0.26 (0.07) | 0.28 (0.07) | 0.29 (0.07) | 0.29 (0.07) | 0.29 (0.07) | 0.32 (0.07) | 0.33 (0.07) | 0.34 (0.07) |
Portugal | 0.20 (0.08) | 0.20 (0.08) | 0.22 (0.08) | 0.22 (0.08) | 0.23 (0.08) | 0.28 (0.08) | 0.28 (0.08) | 0.29 (0.08) | 0.31 (0.09) | 0.26 (0.10) | 0.30 (0.12) |
Qatar | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.08 (0.05) | 0.21 (0.08) | 0.24 (0.08) | 0.27 (0.08) | 0.27 (0.08) | 0.30 (0.08) | 0.31 (0.07) | 0.32 (0.07) | 0.31 (0.07) | 0.24 (0.07) |
Romania | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.06 (0.06) | 0.17 (0.07) | 0.20 (0.07) | 0.21 (0.08) | 0.21 (0.08) | 0.22 (0.08) | 0.25 (0.08) | 0.25 (0.09) | 0.37 (0.07) | 0.36 (0.07) |
Russian Federation | 0.04 (0.04) | 0.04 (0.04) | 0.14 (0.06) | 0.14 (0.06) | 0.14 (0.06) | 0.15 (0.06) | 0.15 (0.06) | 0.16 (0.06) | 0.19 (0.07) | 0.18 (0.07) | 0.19 (0.09) |
Saudi Arabia | 0.08 (0.06) | 0.11 (0.07) | 0.11 (0.06) | 0.14 (0.06) | 0.16 (0.06) | 0.20 (0.06) | 0.21 (0.06) | 0.29 (0.05) | 0.29 (0.05) | 0.28 (0.06) | 0.30 (0.07) |
Singapore | 0.15 (0.06) | 0.17 (0.06) | 0.17 (0.06) | 0.17 (0.06) | 0.17 (0.06) | 0.21 (0.06) | 0.26 (0.06) | 0.26 (0.06) | 0.26 (0.06) | 0.29 (0.06) | 0.32 (0.06) |
Slovak Republic | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.16 (0.06) | 0.24 (0.06) | 0.25 (0.06) | 0.25 (0.06) | 0.27 (0.07) | 0.28 (0.07) | 0.29 (0.07) | 0.29 (0.07) | 0.33 (0.08) | 0.35 (0.08) |
Slovenia | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.05) | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.09 (0.05) | 0.10 (0.05) | 0.13 (0.05) | 0.14 (0.06) | 0.19 (0.10) |
South Africa | 0.26 (0.08) | 0.39 (0.09) | 0.48 (0.10) | 0.51 (0.08) | 0.56 (0.08) | 0.57 (0.09) | 0.62 (0.07) | 0.62 (0.07) | 0.62 (0.07) | 0.62 (0.06) | 0.63 (0.07) |
Spain | 0.29 (0.06) | 0.30 (0.07) | 0.31 (0.07) | 0.34 (0.07) | 0.34 (0.07) | 0.34 (0.07) | 0.35 (0.06) | 0.36 (0.06) | 0.36 (0.06) | 0.39 (0.07) | 0.39 (0.08) |
Spain (Andalucía) | 0.31 (0.07) | 0.31 (0.07) | 0.30 (0.07) | 0.32 (0.07) | 0.34 (0.08) | 0.37 (0.08) | 0.38 (0.08) | 0.40 (0.08) | 0.40 (0.08) | 0.38 (0.08) | 0.43 (0.08) |
Sweden | 0.10 (0.08) | 0.10 (0.08) | 0.10 (0.08) | 0.13 (0.06) | 0.14 (0.07) | 0.15 (0.07) | 0.16 (0.07) | 0.19 (0.07) | 0.21 (0.08) | 0.20 (0.08) | 0.25 (0.08) |
Trinidad And Tobago | 0.12 (0.06) | 0.14 (0.07) | 0.17 (0.08) | 0.17 (0.08) | 0.17 (0.08) | 0.18 (0.08) | 0.21 (0.08) | 0.22 (0.08) | 0.21 (0.07) | 0.23 (0.08) | 0.21 (0.08) |
United Arab Emirates | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.07 (0.03) | 0.10 (0.04) | 0.13 (0.05) | 0.13 (0.05) | 0.13 (0.04) | 0.17 (0.04) | 0.20 (0.05) | 0.20 (0.05) | 0.19 (0.05) | 0.21 (0.04) |
United Arab Emirates (Abu Dhabi) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.08 (0.04) | 0.17 (0.05) | 0.16 (0.05) | 0.17 (0.05) | 0.17 (0.05) | 0.18 (0.05) | 0.18 (0.05) | 0.17 (0.07) | 0.26 (0.08) |
United Arab Emirates (Dubai) | 0.19 (0.06) | 0.20 (0.06) | 0.22 (0.07) | 0.22 (0.07) | 0.22 (0.07) | 0.23 (0.07) | 0.26 (0.07) | 0.29 (0.07) | 0.28 (0.08) | 0.27 (0.08) | 0.30 (0.08) |
United States | 0.33 (0.04) | 0.37 (0.04) | 0.38 (0.05) | 0.37 (0.05) | 0.37 (0.06) | 0.41 (0.05) | 0.41 (0.05) | 0.41 (0.06) | 0.41 (0.06) | 0.46 (0.05) | 0.52 (0.06) |
Cross-country average | 0.13 (0.01) | 0.17 (0.01) | 0.21 (0.01) | 0.23 (0.01) | 0.24 (0.01) | 0.26 (0.01) | 0.28 (0.01) | 0.29 (0.01) | 0.30 (0.01) | 0.32 (0.01) | 0.34 (0.01) |