Table 4 TIMSS grade 8—explained variance of school-averaged mathematics score by model and country
Country | Model 1* | Model 2* | Model 3* | Model 4* | Model 5* | Model 6* | Model 7* | Model 8* | Model 9* | Model 10* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R2 (adj.) | R2 (adj.) | R2 (adj.) | R2 (adj.) | R2 (adj.) | R2 (adj.) | R2 (adj.) | R2 (adj.) | R2 (adj.) | R2 (adj.) | |
Armenia | 0.06 (0.07) | 0.07 (0.07) | 0.14 (0.06) | 0.14 (0.06) | 0.14 (0.07) | 0.15 (0.07) | 0.21 (0.09) | 0.21 (0.09) | 0.26 (0.09) | 0.27 (0.09) |
Australia | 0.20 (0.06) | 0.22 (0.06) | 0.28 (0.06) | 0.33 (0.06) | 0.33 (0.06) | 0.33 (0.06) | 0.35 (0.07) | 0.36 (0.08) | 0.39 (0.08) | 0.40 (0.08) |
Bahrain | 0.11 (0.06) | 0.14 (0.08) | 0.26 (0.08) | 0.39 (0.11) | 0.41 (0.11) | 0.43 (0.11) | 0.44 (0.11) | 0.43 (0.12) | 0.43 (0.13) | 0.43 (0.13) |
Botswana | 0.32 (0.10) | 0.37 (0.10) | 0.46 (0.10) | 0.50 (0.11) | 0.52 (0.11) | 0.51 (0.11) | 0.56 (0.08) | 0.60 (0.07) | 0.60 (0.07) | 0.64 (0.07) |
Canada (Alberta) | 0.20 (0.09) | 0.27 (0.09) | 0.27 (0.09) | 0.29 (0.10) | 0.30 (0.10) | 0.32 (0.10) | 0.32 (0.10) | 0.36 (0.11) | 0.36 (0.11) | 0.37 (0.11) |
Canada (Ontario) | 0.07 (0.04) | 0.13 (0.05) | 0.15 (0.05) | 0.25 (0.05) | 0.26 (0.06) | 0.27 (0.06) | 0.29 (0.08) | 0.29 (0.08) | 0.29 (0.08) | 0.29 (0.08) |
Canada (Quebec) | 0.01 (0.08) | 0.03 (0.08) | 0.07 (0.13) | 0.07 (0.14) | 0.15 (0.08) | 0.15 (0.08) | 0.16 (0.09) | 0.16 (0.10) | 0.19 (0.09) | 0.20 (0.10) |
Chile | 0.26 (0.08) | 0.25 (0.10) | 0.36 (0.09) | 0.46 (0.06) | 0.47 (0.07) | 0.47 (0.06) | 0.48 (0.06) | 0.51 (0.06) | 0.53 (0.06) | 0.54 (0.06) |
Chinese Taipei | 0.26 (0.14) | 0.38 (0.12) | 0.38 (0.12) | 0.44 (0.13) | 0.44 (0.13) | 0.48 (0.13) | 0.52 (0.12) | 0.52 (0.12) | 0.52 (0.12) | 0.54 (0.11) |
England | 0.07 (0.05) | 0.13 (0.08) | 0.15 (0.09) | 0.15 (0.08) | 0.16 (0.09) | 0.16 (0.09) | 0.17 (0.09) | 0.18 (0.09) | 0.26 (0.10) | 0.26 (0.10) |
Finland | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.04 (0.04) | 0.11 (0.06) | 0.14 (0.07) | 0.16 (0.08) | 0.16 (0.08) | 0.17 (0.07) | 0.20 (0.07) | 0.24 (0.07) | 0.26 (0.07) |
Georgia | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.09 (0.08) | 0.14 (0.09) | 0.14 (0.09) | 0.15 (0.09) | 0.18 (0.09) | 0.18 (0.09) | 0.23 (0.09) | 0.23 (0.09) | 0.24 (0.10) |
Ghana | 0.04 (0.04) | 0.08 (0.05) | 0.15 (0.06) | 0.19 (0.07) | 0.19 (0.07) | 0.19 (0.08) | 0.27 (0.08) | 0.29 (0.09) | 0.31 (0.10) | 0.36 (0.09) |
Republic of Honduras | 0.11 (0.09) | 0.14 (0.11) | 0.17 (0.11) | 0.18 (0.11) | 0.18 (0.11) | 0.22 (0.13) | 0.26 (0.12) | 0.28 (0.18) | 0.40 (0.14) | 0.41 (0.14) |
Hong Kong, SAR | 0.19 (0.10) | 0.21 (0.10) | 0.35 (0.08) | 0.39 (0.08) | 0.39 (0.08) | 0.39 (0.08) | 0.43 (0.08) | 0.45 (0.08) | 0.57 (0.07) | 0.57 (0.07) |
Hungary | 0.30 (0.07) | 0.34 (0.06) | 0.41 (0.07) | 0.42 (0.07) | 0.42 (0.07) | 0.42 (0.06) | 0.46 (0.08) | 0.48 (0.08) | 0.53 (0.09) | 0.54 (0.09) |
Indonesia | 0.11 (0.08) | 0.10 (0.08) | 0.12 (0.08) | 0.12 (0.08) | 0.12 (0.09) | 0.13 (0.09) | 0.16 (0.09) | 0.17 (0.10) | 0.17 (0.10) | 0.18 (0.09) |
Islamic Republic of Iran | 0.23 (0.07) | 0.22 (0.07) | 0.23 (0.08) | 0.26 (0.09) | 0.27 (0.09) | 0.27 (0.09) | 0.35 (0.09) | 0.41 (0.08) | 0.41 (0.08) | 0.42 (0.09) |
Israel | 0.33 (0.09) | 0.36 (0.09) | 0.36 (0.10) | 0.38 (0.10) | 0.43 (0.09) | 0.43 (0.09) | 0.44 (0.09) | 0.45 (0.09) | 0.48 (0.08) | 0.51 (0.08) |
Italy | 0.10 (0.05) | 0.14 (0.08) | 0.20 (0.08) | 0.22 (0.08) | 0.23 (0.08) | 0.26 (0.08) | 0.26 (0.08) | 0.26 (0.08) | 0.30 (0.09) | 0.30 (0.09) |
Japan | 0.22 (0.10) | 0.27 (0.11) | 0.30 (0.10) | 0.31 (0.10) | 0.31 (0.10) | 0.32 (0.10) | 0.42 (0.08) | 0.42 (0.08) | 0.44 (0.08) | 0.45 (0.08) |
Jordan | 0.14 (0.08) | 0.14 (0.10) | 0.22 (0.06) | 0.28 (0.07) | 0.31 (0.07) | 0.32 (0.07) | 0.37 (0.07) | 0.36 (0.07) | 0.37 (0.06) | 0.37 (0.06) |
Kazakhstan | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.04) | 0.04 (0.04) | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.07 (0.05) | 0.08 (0.05) | 0.11 (0.04) | 0.12 (0.04) | 0.18 (0.06) | 0.32 (0.07) |
Republic of Korea | 0.21 (0.05) | 0.37 (0.08) | 0.37 (0.10) | 0.47 (0.10) | 0.55 (0.10) | 0.56 (0.10) | 0.60 (0.10) | 0.60 (0.10) | 0.65 (0.08) | 0.67 (0.08) |
Lebanon | 0.23 (0.09) | 0.19 (0.09) | 0.26 (0.09) | 0.31 (0.09) | 0.33 (0.09) | 0.33 (0.09) | 0.32 (0.09) | 0.31 (0.09) | 0.33 (0.07) | 0.35 (0.08) |
Lithuania | 0.08 (0.08) | 0.17 (0.06) | 0.20 (0.06) | 0.25 (0.07) | 0.27 (0.08) | 0.27 (0.08) | 0.38 (0.07) | 0.40 (0.07) | 0.41 (0.07) | 0.41 (0.07) |
Macedonia | 0.17 (0.06) | 0.20 (0.07) | 0.21 (0.06) | 0.21 (0.06) | 0.28 (0.08) | 0.31 (0.09) | 0.43 (0.08) | 0.43 (0.08) | 0.46 (0.08) | 0.46 (0.08) |
Malaysia | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.04) | 0.06 (0.05) | 0.06 (0.05) | 0.08 (0.04) | 0.14 (0.06) | 0.17 (0.06) | 0.30 (0.07) | 0.31 (0.07) |
Morocco | 0.25 (0.10) | 0.36 (0.11) | 0.45 (0.11) | 0.48 (0.10) | 0.49 (0.10) | 0.49 (0.10) | 0.53 (0.09) | 0.55 (0.09) | 0.55 (0.09) | 0.55 (0.09) |
New Zealand | 0.24 (0.07) | 0.30 (0.06) | 0.30 (0.06) | 0.33 (0.06) | 0.37 (0.07) | 0.37 (0.07) | 0.39 (0.06) | 0.40 (0.06) | 0.40 (0.06) | 0.42 (0.06) |
Oman | 0.05 (0.03) | 0.09 (0.05) | 0.11 (0.05) | 0.14 (0.07) | 0.17 (0.06) | 0.21 (0.06) | 0.21 (0.06) | 0.25 (0.07) | 0.25 (0.07) | 0.25 (0.07) |
Palestinian National Authority | 0.03 (0.04) | 0.04 (0.04) | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.10 (0.07) | 0.11 (0.07) | 0.13 (0.07) | 0.13 (0.07) | 0.13 (0.07) | 0.14 (0.07) | 0.14 (0.07) |
Qatar | −0.01 (0.00) | −0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.05) | 0.02 (0.05) | 0.01 (0.05) | 0.03 (0.06) | 0.02 (0.07) | 0.19 (0.12) | 0.19 (0.12) | 0.20 (0.11) |
Romania | 0.06 (0.04) | 0.07 (0.04) | 0.14 (0.07) | 0.20 (0.06) | 0.20 (0.06) | 0.20 (0.06) | 0.28 (0.06) | 0.30 (0.06) | 0.34 (0.06) | 0.39 (0.07) |
Russian Federation | 0.08 (0.06) | 0.11 (0.09) | 0.14 (0.09) | 0.14 (0.09) | 0.14 (0.10) | 0.14 (0.10) | 0.15 (0.10) | 0.15 (0.11) | 0.16 (0.11) | 0.16 (0.11) |
Saudi Arabia | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.04 (0.04) | 0.11 (0.05) | 0.15 (0.09) | 0.19 (0.09) | 0.19 (0.10) | 0.24 (0.09) | 0.25 (0.09) | 0.29 (0.09) | 0.30 (0.09) |
Singapore | 0.21 (0.06) | 0.24 (0.08) | 0.25 (0.08) | 0.30 (0.08) | 0.31 (0.08) | 0.30 (0.08) | 0.30 (0.08) | 0.30 (0.08) | 0.33 (0.08) | 0.33 (0.08) |
Slovenia | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.06 (0.04) | 0.06 (0.04) | 0.06 (0.04) | 0.07 (0.04) | 0.09 (0.05) | 0.10 (0.05) | 0.10 (0.05) | 0.10 (0.06) | 0.12 (0.06) |
South Africa | 0.14 (0.09) | 0.22 (0.08) | 0.24 (0.08) | 0.24 (0.09) | 0.27 (0.10) | 0.37 (0.09) | 0.52 (0.06) | 0.52 (0.07) | 0.52 (0.07) | 0.61 (0.06) |
Sweden | 0.12 (0.05) | 0.08 (0.05) | 0.13 (0.08) | 0.15 (0.08) | 0.16 (0.10) | 0.16 (0.10) | 0.16 (0.10) | 0.16 (0.10) | 0.44 (0.10) | 0.47 (0.10) |
Arab Republic of Syria | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.05) | 0.05 (0.06) | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.09 (0.07) | 0.15 (0.09) |
Thailand | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.09 (0.10) | 0.09 (0.10) | 0.09 (0.10) | 0.10 (0.10) | 0.10 (0.10) | 0.10 (0.10) | 0.11 (0.10) | 0.12 (0.11) | 0.12 (0.11) |
Tunisia | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.08 (0.06) | 0.08 (0.06) | 0.10 (0.06) | 0.09 (0.06) | 0.10 (0.06) | 0.10 (0.06) | 0.13 (0.06) | 0.16 (0.05) |
Turkey | 0.21 (0.06) | 0.23 (0.07) | 0.35 (0.08) | 0.41 (0.08) | 0.42 (0.07) | 0.43 (0.07) | 0.46 (0.07) | 0.49 (0.07) | 0.50 (0.07) | 0.50 (0.07) |
Ukraine | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.06 (0.05) | 0.09 (0.07) | 0.09 (0.07) | 0.09 (0.07) | 0.11 (0.09) | 0.18 (0.08) | 0.23 (0.07) | 0.26 (0.06) |
United Arab Emirates | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.17 (0.04) | 0.24 (0.04) | 0.24 (0.04) | 0.25 (0.04) | 0.28 (0.04) | 0.28 (0.04) | 0.31 (0.04) | 0.31 (0.04) |
United Arab Emirates (Abu Dhabi) | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.10 (0.06) | 0.21 (0.07) | 0.21 (0.07) | 0.22 (0.07) | 0.34 (0.07) | 0.37 (0.07) | 0.38 (0.07) | 0.39 (0.06) |
United Arab Emirates (Dubai) | 0.08 (0.05) | 0.12 (0.05) | 0.38 (0.07) | 0.41 (0.07) | 0.41 (0.06) | 0.42 (0.07) | 0.41 (0.07) | 0.42 (0.06) | 0.44 (0.06) | 0.45 (0.06) |
United States | 0.27 (0.10) | 0.28 (0.10) | 0.28 (0.10) | 0.38 (0.20) | 0.41 (0.22) | 0.41 (0.22) | 0.41 (0.22) | 0.41 (0.22) | 0.42 (0.23) | 0.42 (0.23) |
Cross-country average | 0.12 (0.01) | 0.15 (0.01) | 0.20 (0.01) | 0.24 (0.01) | 0.25 (0.01) | 0.26 (0.01) | 0.30 (0.01) | 0.31 (0.01) | 0.34 (0.01) | 0.36 (0.01) |