Skip to main content
Large-scale Assessments in Education

An IEA-ETS Research Institute Journal

Large-scale Assessments in Education Cover Image

Table 4 TIMSS grade 8—explained variance of school-averaged mathematics score by model and country

From: Evaluating the risk of nonresponse bias in educational large-scale assessments with school nonresponse questionnaires: a theoretical study

Country Model 1* Model 2* Model 3* Model 4* Model 5* Model 6* Model 7* Model 8* Model 9* Model 10*
R2 (adj.) R2 (adj.) R2 (adj.) R2 (adj.) R2 (adj.) R2 (adj.) R2 (adj.) R2 (adj.) R2 (adj.) R2 (adj.)
Armenia 0.06 (0.07) 0.07 (0.07) 0.14 (0.06) 0.14 (0.06) 0.14 (0.07) 0.15 (0.07) 0.21 (0.09) 0.21 (0.09) 0.26 (0.09) 0.27 (0.09)
Australia 0.20 (0.06) 0.22 (0.06) 0.28 (0.06) 0.33 (0.06) 0.33 (0.06) 0.33 (0.06) 0.35 (0.07) 0.36 (0.08) 0.39 (0.08) 0.40 (0.08)
Bahrain 0.11 (0.06) 0.14 (0.08) 0.26 (0.08) 0.39 (0.11) 0.41 (0.11) 0.43 (0.11) 0.44 (0.11) 0.43 (0.12) 0.43 (0.13) 0.43 (0.13)
Botswana 0.32 (0.10) 0.37 (0.10) 0.46 (0.10) 0.50 (0.11) 0.52 (0.11) 0.51 (0.11) 0.56 (0.08) 0.60 (0.07) 0.60 (0.07) 0.64 (0.07)
Canada (Alberta) 0.20 (0.09) 0.27 (0.09) 0.27 (0.09) 0.29 (0.10) 0.30 (0.10) 0.32 (0.10) 0.32 (0.10) 0.36 (0.11) 0.36 (0.11) 0.37 (0.11)
Canada (Ontario) 0.07 (0.04) 0.13 (0.05) 0.15 (0.05) 0.25 (0.05) 0.26 (0.06) 0.27 (0.06) 0.29 (0.08) 0.29 (0.08) 0.29 (0.08) 0.29 (0.08)
Canada (Quebec) 0.01 (0.08) 0.03 (0.08) 0.07 (0.13) 0.07 (0.14) 0.15 (0.08) 0.15 (0.08) 0.16 (0.09) 0.16 (0.10) 0.19 (0.09) 0.20 (0.10)
Chile 0.26 (0.08) 0.25 (0.10) 0.36 (0.09) 0.46 (0.06) 0.47 (0.07) 0.47 (0.06) 0.48 (0.06) 0.51 (0.06) 0.53 (0.06) 0.54 (0.06)
Chinese Taipei 0.26 (0.14) 0.38 (0.12) 0.38 (0.12) 0.44 (0.13) 0.44 (0.13) 0.48 (0.13) 0.52 (0.12) 0.52 (0.12) 0.52 (0.12) 0.54 (0.11)
England 0.07 (0.05) 0.13 (0.08) 0.15 (0.09) 0.15 (0.08) 0.16 (0.09) 0.16 (0.09) 0.17 (0.09) 0.18 (0.09) 0.26 (0.10) 0.26 (0.10)
Finland 0.05 (0.05) 0.04 (0.04) 0.11 (0.06) 0.14 (0.07) 0.16 (0.08) 0.16 (0.08) 0.17 (0.07) 0.20 (0.07) 0.24 (0.07) 0.26 (0.07)
Georgia 0.04 (0.03) 0.09 (0.08) 0.14 (0.09) 0.14 (0.09) 0.15 (0.09) 0.18 (0.09) 0.18 (0.09) 0.23 (0.09) 0.23 (0.09) 0.24 (0.10)
Ghana 0.04 (0.04) 0.08 (0.05) 0.15 (0.06) 0.19 (0.07) 0.19 (0.07) 0.19 (0.08) 0.27 (0.08) 0.29 (0.09) 0.31 (0.10) 0.36 (0.09)
Republic of Honduras 0.11 (0.09) 0.14 (0.11) 0.17 (0.11) 0.18 (0.11) 0.18 (0.11) 0.22 (0.13) 0.26 (0.12) 0.28 (0.18) 0.40 (0.14) 0.41 (0.14)
Hong Kong, SAR 0.19 (0.10) 0.21 (0.10) 0.35 (0.08) 0.39 (0.08) 0.39 (0.08) 0.39 (0.08) 0.43 (0.08) 0.45 (0.08) 0.57 (0.07) 0.57 (0.07)
Hungary 0.30 (0.07) 0.34 (0.06) 0.41 (0.07) 0.42 (0.07) 0.42 (0.07) 0.42 (0.06) 0.46 (0.08) 0.48 (0.08) 0.53 (0.09) 0.54 (0.09)
Indonesia 0.11 (0.08) 0.10 (0.08) 0.12 (0.08) 0.12 (0.08) 0.12 (0.09) 0.13 (0.09) 0.16 (0.09) 0.17 (0.10) 0.17 (0.10) 0.18 (0.09)
Islamic Republic of Iran 0.23 (0.07) 0.22 (0.07) 0.23 (0.08) 0.26 (0.09) 0.27 (0.09) 0.27 (0.09) 0.35 (0.09) 0.41 (0.08) 0.41 (0.08) 0.42 (0.09)
Israel 0.33 (0.09) 0.36 (0.09) 0.36 (0.10) 0.38 (0.10) 0.43 (0.09) 0.43 (0.09) 0.44 (0.09) 0.45 (0.09) 0.48 (0.08) 0.51 (0.08)
Italy 0.10 (0.05) 0.14 (0.08) 0.20 (0.08) 0.22 (0.08) 0.23 (0.08) 0.26 (0.08) 0.26 (0.08) 0.26 (0.08) 0.30 (0.09) 0.30 (0.09)
Japan 0.22 (0.10) 0.27 (0.11) 0.30 (0.10) 0.31 (0.10) 0.31 (0.10) 0.32 (0.10) 0.42 (0.08) 0.42 (0.08) 0.44 (0.08) 0.45 (0.08)
Jordan 0.14 (0.08) 0.14 (0.10) 0.22 (0.06) 0.28 (0.07) 0.31 (0.07) 0.32 (0.07) 0.37 (0.07) 0.36 (0.07) 0.37 (0.06) 0.37 (0.06)
Kazakhstan 0.02 (0.03) 0.04 (0.04) 0.04 (0.04) 0.05 (0.04) 0.07 (0.05) 0.08 (0.05) 0.11 (0.04) 0.12 (0.04) 0.18 (0.06) 0.32 (0.07)
Republic of Korea 0.21 (0.05) 0.37 (0.08) 0.37 (0.10) 0.47 (0.10) 0.55 (0.10) 0.56 (0.10) 0.60 (0.10) 0.60 (0.10) 0.65 (0.08) 0.67 (0.08)
Lebanon 0.23 (0.09) 0.19 (0.09) 0.26 (0.09) 0.31 (0.09) 0.33 (0.09) 0.33 (0.09) 0.32 (0.09) 0.31 (0.09) 0.33 (0.07) 0.35 (0.08)
Lithuania 0.08 (0.08) 0.17 (0.06) 0.20 (0.06) 0.25 (0.07) 0.27 (0.08) 0.27 (0.08) 0.38 (0.07) 0.40 (0.07) 0.41 (0.07) 0.41 (0.07)
Macedonia 0.17 (0.06) 0.20 (0.07) 0.21 (0.06) 0.21 (0.06) 0.28 (0.08) 0.31 (0.09) 0.43 (0.08) 0.43 (0.08) 0.46 (0.08) 0.46 (0.08)
Malaysia 0.04 (0.03) 0.04 (0.03) 0.04 (0.04) 0.06 (0.05) 0.06 (0.05) 0.08 (0.04) 0.14 (0.06) 0.17 (0.06) 0.30 (0.07) 0.31 (0.07)
Morocco 0.25 (0.10) 0.36 (0.11) 0.45 (0.11) 0.48 (0.10) 0.49 (0.10) 0.49 (0.10) 0.53 (0.09) 0.55 (0.09) 0.55 (0.09) 0.55 (0.09)
New Zealand 0.24 (0.07) 0.30 (0.06) 0.30 (0.06) 0.33 (0.06) 0.37 (0.07) 0.37 (0.07) 0.39 (0.06) 0.40 (0.06) 0.40 (0.06) 0.42 (0.06)
Oman 0.05 (0.03) 0.09 (0.05) 0.11 (0.05) 0.14 (0.07) 0.17 (0.06) 0.21 (0.06) 0.21 (0.06) 0.25 (0.07) 0.25 (0.07) 0.25 (0.07)
Palestinian National Authority 0.03 (0.04) 0.04 (0.04) 0.05 (0.04) 0.10 (0.07) 0.11 (0.07) 0.13 (0.07) 0.13 (0.07) 0.13 (0.07) 0.14 (0.07) 0.14 (0.07)
Qatar −0.01 (0.00) −0.02 (0.01) 0.02 (0.05) 0.02 (0.05) 0.01 (0.05) 0.03 (0.06) 0.02 (0.07) 0.19 (0.12) 0.19 (0.12) 0.20 (0.11)
Romania 0.06 (0.04) 0.07 (0.04) 0.14 (0.07) 0.20 (0.06) 0.20 (0.06) 0.20 (0.06) 0.28 (0.06) 0.30 (0.06) 0.34 (0.06) 0.39 (0.07)
Russian Federation 0.08 (0.06) 0.11 (0.09) 0.14 (0.09) 0.14 (0.09) 0.14 (0.10) 0.14 (0.10) 0.15 (0.10) 0.15 (0.11) 0.16 (0.11) 0.16 (0.11)
Saudi Arabia 0.02 (0.04) 0.04 (0.04) 0.11 (0.05) 0.15 (0.09) 0.19 (0.09) 0.19 (0.10) 0.24 (0.09) 0.25 (0.09) 0.29 (0.09) 0.30 (0.09)
Singapore 0.21 (0.06) 0.24 (0.08) 0.25 (0.08) 0.30 (0.08) 0.31 (0.08) 0.30 (0.08) 0.30 (0.08) 0.30 (0.08) 0.33 (0.08) 0.33 (0.08)
Slovenia 0.02 (0.02) 0.06 (0.04) 0.06 (0.04) 0.06 (0.04) 0.07 (0.04) 0.09 (0.05) 0.10 (0.05) 0.10 (0.05) 0.10 (0.06) 0.12 (0.06)
South Africa 0.14 (0.09) 0.22 (0.08) 0.24 (0.08) 0.24 (0.09) 0.27 (0.10) 0.37 (0.09) 0.52 (0.06) 0.52 (0.07) 0.52 (0.07) 0.61 (0.06)
Sweden 0.12 (0.05) 0.08 (0.05) 0.13 (0.08) 0.15 (0.08) 0.16 (0.10) 0.16 (0.10) 0.16 (0.10) 0.16 (0.10) 0.44 (0.10) 0.47 (0.10)
Arab Republic of Syria 0.01 (0.03) 0.00 (0.02) 0.01 (0.03) 0.01 (0.03) 0.02 (0.03) 0.03 (0.05) 0.05 (0.06) 0.05 (0.05) 0.09 (0.07) 0.15 (0.09)
Thailand 0.01 (0.02) 0.09 (0.10) 0.09 (0.10) 0.09 (0.10) 0.10 (0.10) 0.10 (0.10) 0.10 (0.10) 0.11 (0.10) 0.12 (0.11) 0.12 (0.11)
Tunisia 0.05 (0.04) 0.05 (0.04) 0.08 (0.06) 0.08 (0.06) 0.10 (0.06) 0.09 (0.06) 0.10 (0.06) 0.10 (0.06) 0.13 (0.06) 0.16 (0.05)
Turkey 0.21 (0.06) 0.23 (0.07) 0.35 (0.08) 0.41 (0.08) 0.42 (0.07) 0.43 (0.07) 0.46 (0.07) 0.49 (0.07) 0.50 (0.07) 0.50 (0.07)
Ukraine 0.00 (0.01) 0.01 (0.02) 0.06 (0.05) 0.09 (0.07) 0.09 (0.07) 0.09 (0.07) 0.11 (0.09) 0.18 (0.08) 0.23 (0.07) 0.26 (0.06)
United Arab Emirates 0.02 (0.01) 0.02 (0.01) 0.17 (0.04) 0.24 (0.04) 0.24 (0.04) 0.25 (0.04) 0.28 (0.04) 0.28 (0.04) 0.31 (0.04) 0.31 (0.04)
United Arab Emirates (Abu Dhabi) 0.02 (0.03) 0.01 (0.03) 0.10 (0.06) 0.21 (0.07) 0.21 (0.07) 0.22 (0.07) 0.34 (0.07) 0.37 (0.07) 0.38 (0.07) 0.39 (0.06)
United Arab Emirates (Dubai) 0.08 (0.05) 0.12 (0.05) 0.38 (0.07) 0.41 (0.07) 0.41 (0.06) 0.42 (0.07) 0.41 (0.07) 0.42 (0.06) 0.44 (0.06) 0.45 (0.06)
United States 0.27 (0.10) 0.28 (0.10) 0.28 (0.10) 0.38 (0.20) 0.41 (0.22) 0.41 (0.22) 0.41 (0.22) 0.41 (0.22) 0.42 (0.23) 0.42 (0.23)
Cross-country average 0.12 (0.01) 0.15 (0.01) 0.20 (0.01) 0.24 (0.01) 0.25 (0.01) 0.26 (0.01) 0.30 (0.01) 0.31 (0.01) 0.34 (0.01) 0.36 (0.01)
  1. Standard errors appear in parenthesis
  2. * Variables included in model: Model 1: BCBG03A; Model 2: BCBG03A, BCBG03B; Model 3: BCBG03A, BCBG03B, BCBG11D; Model 4: BCBG03A, BCBG03B, BCBG11D, BCBG11H; Model 5: BCBG03A, BCBG03B, BCBG11D, BCBG11H, BCBG11E; Model 6: BCBG03A, BCBG03B, BCBG11D, BCBG11H, BCBG11E, BCBG11F; Model 7: BCBG03A, BCBG03B, BCBG11D, BCBG11H, BCBG11E, BCBG11F, BCBG05B; Model 8: BCBG03A, BCBG03B, BCBG11D, BCBG11H, BCBG11E, BCBG11F, BCBG05B, BCBG05A; Model 9: BCBG03A, BCBG03B, BCBG11D, BCBG11H, BCBG11E, BCBG11F, BCBG05B, BCBG05A, BCBG12AB; Model 10: BCBG03A, BCBG03B, BCBG11D, BCBG11H, BCBG11E, BCBG11F, BCBG05B, BCBG05A, BCBG12AB, BCBG05C
Back to article page