Personality, competencies, and life outcomes: results from the German PIAAC longitudinal study

Large-scale Assessments in Education

An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal

Table 3 Relationships between personality, numeracy, and important life outcomes

Model	Income (log)^a,b			Health			Life satisfaction
Model	I	II	III	I	II	III	I	II	III
Extraversion (linear)	.03		.04	.02		.02	.01		.02
Agreeableness (linear)	−.02		−.01	.05**		.05**	.09***		.09***
Conscientiousness (linear)	−.02		.00	.04*		.04*	.13***		.14***
Emotional stability (linear)	.01		.00	.21***		.20***	.32***		.31***
Openness (linear)	−.12***		−.12***	−.01		−.01	.00		.00
Extraversion (quadratic)	−.02		−.03	.00		.00	−.01		−.01
Agreeableness (quadratic)	.05*		.05*	.00		.00	.02		.02
Conscientiousness (quadratic)	−.04		−.03	−.02		−.02	.00		.01
Emotional stability (quadratic)	−.02		−.03	−.04**		−.04*	−.02		−.02
Openness (quadratic)	−.07**		−.07**	−.02		−.01	−.03		−.02
Numeracy^c		.14***	.14***		.12***	.10***		.13***	.11***
Age	.22***	.25***	.25***	−.34***	−.30***	−.31***	−.12***	−.06***	−.09***
Gender (women)	−.13***	−.13***	−.11***	.00	−.01	.01	.03*	.01	.04**
Education	.28***	.20***	.21***	.14***	.10***	.09***	.11***	.09***	.06**
Migration (migrant)	−.01	.00	.01	−.02	−.01	.00	−.04**	−.04*	−.02
N	1626	1626	1626	3716	3716	3716	3717	3717	3717
R²	.19	.18	.20	.16	.11	.17	.17	.04	.17

Values are standardized regression coefficients, * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001
^aOnly respondents who are not retired
^bOnly respondents who are employed full-time
^cUsing different plausible values did not change the pattern of results. The regression coefficients for numeracy maximally changed by ∆ = .05. Detailed results for all ten plausible values are presented in Additional file 1: Table S1