Personality, competencies, and life outcomes: results from the German PIAAC longitudinal study

Large-scale Assessments in Education

An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal

Table 2 Relationships between personality, numeracy, and important life outcomes

Model	Highest level of education (ISCED 1997)^a			Employment status (full-time)^a,b			Continuing education^a,b
Model	I	II	III	I	II	III	I	II	III
Extraversion (linear)	−.09***		−.04*	.01		.02	−.02		−.01
Agreeableness (linear)	−.04*		−.03	−.12***		−.12***	−.05*		−.05
Conscientiousness (linear)	−.03		−.01	.17***		.18***	.03		.04
Emotional stability (linear)	.12***		.05**	.12***		.11***	.06*		.04
Openness (linear)	.14***		.10***	−.02		−.02	.01		.01
Extraversion (quadratic)	−.02		−.01	.05		.05	−.04		−.04
Agreeableness (quadratic)	−.04*		−.04*	−.02		−.01	.02		.02
Conscientiousness (quadratic)	−.07***		−.03	.01		.02	−.03		−.02
Emotional stability (quadratic)	−.03		−.02	−.01		−.01	−.02		−.02
Openness (quadratic)	−.01		.00	−.01		−.01	.01		.02
Numeracy^d		.52***	.50***		.15***	.16***		.18***	.18***
Age	.16***	.23***	.22***	−.15***	−.10***	−.13***	−.07**	−.03	−.04
Gender (women)	−.01	.03*	.04*	−.53***	−.52***	−.52***	−.03	−.02	−.01
Education	−	−	−	.27***	.20***	.20***	.34***	.26***	.26***
Migration (migrant)	−.09***	.01	.01	−.03	−.01	−.00	−.08***	−.06*	−.06*
N	3174	3174	3174	2868	2868	2868	2800	2800	2800
R²	.08	.29	.30	.31^c	.29^c	.32^c	.13^c	.14^c	.15^c

^aOnly respondents who have completed their education (paus1_14)
^bOnly respondents who are not retired
^cPseudo R²
^dUsing different plausible values did not change the pattern of results. The regression coefficients for numeracy maximally changed by ∆ = .05. Detailed results for all ten plausible values are presented in Additional file 1: Table S1
* p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001