An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal
Table 4 Multilevel regression results: estimated effects on TIMSS mathematics achievement—school level
From: Context factors and student achievement in the IEA studies: evidence from TIMSS
|  |  | Intercept | SES_school | Princ_MRS | Princ_EAS | Princ_DAS | Princ_PIN | Teach_gender (female = 0) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Armenia | All schools | 477 (4.0) | 9 (7.9) | −2 (3.0) | 7 (3.3) | −3 (3.0) | 5 (6.3) | 2 (20.3) |
Low SES | 452 (6.6) | −44 (26.2) | −1 (9.5) | 5 (8.6) | −9 (4.3) | 18 (9.0) | −1 (28.6) | |
High SES | 490 (5.1) | 46 (22.4) | −3 (4.1) | 2 (4.5) | 0 (4.0) | 1 (8.9) | −56 (20.3) | |
Australia | All schools | 508 (0.0) | 64 (0.0) | −4 (0.0) | 4 (0.0) | −5 (0.0) | −11 (0.0) | −1 (0.0) |
Low SES | 454 (6.0) | 40 (15.5) | 4 (3.3) | 9 (4.3) | 1 (7.2) | −11 (10.1) | 18 (11.8) | |
High SES | 559 (5.5) | 98 (8.8) | −9 (3.1) | 1 (3.2) | −2 (4.1) | −12 (7.8) | −14 (10.3) | |
Chile | All schools | 431 (2.5) | 33 (3.4) | −2 (1.2) | 7 (1.3) | 1 (2.2) | 1 (2.4) | 8 (5.7) |
Low SES | 375 (4.0) | 4 (13.0) | −1 (3.2) | 7 (2.3) | −1 (3.4) | 4 (5.9) | 2 (13.3) | |
High SES | 487 (3.8) | 49 (6.9) | −2 (2.5) | 5 (2.5) | 8 (4.9) | −4 (3.6) | 0 (8.3) | |
Chinese Taipei | All schools | 611 (2.5) | 52 (4.1) | −1 (1.5) | 1 (2.0) | −2 (1.6) | −4 (2.9) | 11 (4.7) |
Low SES | 572 (3.3) | 90 (15.0) | 2 (2.3) | −3 (3.0) | 0 (2.3) | 1 (4.5) | 24 (8.1) | |
High ES | 653 (3.6) | 52 (7.9) | −2 (1.3) | 0 (3.3) | −4 (2.4) | −4 (4.8) | −7 (6.7) | |
England | All schools | 502 (4.7) | 51 (6.5) | −7 (2.6) | −1 (3.4) | 9.6 (4.8) | −7.9 (5.1) | 6 (9.4) |
Low SES | 439 (4.6) | 34 (17.2) | 6 (4.6) | −0.1 (4.1) | 7 (5.4) | 13 (7.5) | −19 (12.5) | |
High SES | 565 (6.7) | 47 (17.0) | −3 (5.5) | 0.5 (5.7) | 5 (5.0) | −34 (9.5) | 28 (16.8) | |
Finland | All schools | 512 (2.2) | 21 (4.4) | 2 (1.7) | 4 (1.6) | 1 (2.0) | −2 (2.5) | 2 (4.5) |
Low SES | 500 (0.0) | 76 (0.0) | 3 (0.0) | 8 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) | −9 (0.0) | −3 (0.0) | |
High SES | 528 (2.3) | 12 (11.6) | 3 (2.3) | 7 (3.6) | 0 (2.4) | 6 (5.1) | −4 (5.7) | |
Georgia | All schools | 450 (3.7) | 19 (4.4) | −4 (2.9) | 12 (3.0) | −2 (2.2) | −9 (4.6) | 20 (13.7) |
Low SES | 425 (5.5) | 0 (12.5) | −16 (6.5) | 24 (6.0) | −5 (2.4) | −27 (9.1) | 42 (24.8) | |
High SES | 487 (5.3) | 48 (16.0) | 7 (4.4) | 3 (4.3) | 0 (4.7) | −6 (5.6) | 5 (20.5) | |
Hong Kong, SAR | All schools | 576 (4.0) | 45 (7.0) | 2 (2.2) | −2 (3.4) | 14 (3.6) | −3 (5.7) | −8 (9.7) |
Low SES | 519 (6.7) | 96 (36.3) | 0 (2.6) | −13 (7.3) | 13 (10.9) | −8 (7.4) | 64 (18.7) | |
High SES | 635 (3.2) | 34 (7.9) | 3 (2.6) | 5 (2.3) | 10 (4.1) | 1 (4.9) | −3 (7.5) | |
Hungary | All schools | 500 (3.1) | 46 (5.4) | 4 (2.4) | 1 (2.6) | 2 (2.5) | −3 (5.2) | 1 (9.0) |
Low SES | 454 (4.0) | 52 (9.3) | 8 (3.7) | 10 (3.1) | 0 (4.3) | −4 (6.0) | 11 (12.0) | |
High SES | 550 (3.2) | 21 (7.5) | −1 (1.9) | −8 (3.0) | 3 (2.4) | 11 (5.0) | 17 (8.5) | |
Israel | All schools | 526 (3.4) | 38 (4.5) | 3 (1.9) | 1 (3.2) | 3 (2.1) | −8 (3.8) | −10 (8.5) |
Low SES | 526 (3.4) | 38 (4.5) | 3 (1.9) | 1 (3.2) | 3 (2.1) | −8 (3.8) | −10 (8.5) | |
High SES | 574 (4.3) | 24 (10.5) | 5 (3.6) | −1 (4.2) | −4 (5.2) | 1 (4.3) | −10 (14.7) | |
Italy | All schools | 498 (2.8) | 27 (4.4) | 2 (3.1) | 0 (2.1) | 2 (1.6) | 0 (3.6) | −7 (7.6) |
|  | Low SES | 471 (4.8) | 12 (12.2) | −4 (5.9) | 7 (3.7) | −2 (2.9) | −7 (6.4) | −6 (11.5) |
|  | High SES | 525 (3.7) | 20 (10.7) | 1 (3.1) | −1 (3.8) | 2 (2.2) | −7 (5.7) | −10 (9.3) |
Japan | All schools | 569 (1.8) | 26 (4.7) | 2 (1.4) | 2 (1.5) | 1 (0.8) | 2 (2.2) | 1 (5.3) |
|  | Low SES | 550 (2.3) | 24 (11.2) | 2 (2.3) | 1 (1.6) | −2 (1.0) | 3 (3.8) | −7 (7.5) |
|  | High SES | 589 (2.9) | 39 (10.8) | −1 (2.9) | −2 (2.0) | 8 (2.8) | 9 (5.9) | 8 (11.7) |
Republic of Korea | All schools | 616 (2.1) | 35 (3.6) | −1 (0.7) | 1 (1.0) | 1 (0.8) | 0 (1.9) | 0 (3.9) |
|  | Low SES | 592 (1.8) | 2 (10.8) | −2 (0.9) | 3 (1.2) | 1 (1.2) | −4 (3.1) | 2 (5.8) |
|  | High SES | 640 (2.6) | 4 (7.5) | 0 (2.1) | 3 (2.2) | −1 (1.7) | −1 (4.2) | 5 (9.3) |
Lebanon | All schools | 455 (2.9) | 29 (3.1) | 4 (1.4) | 4 (1.9) | 2 (1.5) | −3 (3.3) | −2 (6.6) |
|  | Low SES | 406 (3.3) | 25 (6.3) | 3 (2.6) | 9 (2.0) | 1 (2.0) | −10 (4.0) | 0 (12.2) |
|  | High SES | 500 (3.3) | 18 (8.3) | 5 (1.8) | 3 (3.4) | 4 (1.3) | −1 (5.4) | −6 (10.3) |
Lithuania | All schools | 503 (2.2) | 42 (3.9) | −1 (2.1) | 5 (2.5) | 2 (2.3) | −1 (3.3) | −14 (17.0) |
|  | Low SES | 470 (2.8) | 53 (14.4) | −1 (3.2) | 12 (4.7) | 1 (2.2) | −8 (5.1) | −26 (24.9) |
|  | High SES | 540 (3.0) | 43 (6.9) | 3 (3.7) | −1 (3.1) | −4 (4.6) | 6 (5.2) | −2 (15.1) |
Malaysia | All schools | 437 (3.5) | 64 (4.5) | 0 (1.9) | −3 (2.5) | 7 (3.1) | 0 (4.8) | −5 (10.0) |
|  | Low SES | 372 (4.6) | 39 (14.8) | 1 (3.7) | −3 (4.1) | 3 (5.2) | 9 (8.9) | −5 (11.8) |
|  | High SES | 512 (4.7) | 23 (8.5) | 5 (3.0) | 0 (4.0) | −3 (4.3) | −1 (6.9) | −9 (17.0) |
New Zealand | All schools | 481 (3.0) | 52 (4.9) | −2 (1.7) | 6 (2.2) | −8 (3.6) | 3 (4.1) | −13 (6.5) |
|  | Low SES | 432 (3.9) | 59 (7.8) | −3 (2.6) | 7 (2.9) | 4 (4.7) | −3 (5.5) | 10 (7.8) |
|  | High SES | 527 (2.0) | −2 (10.7) | −5 (1.7) | 9 (2.2) | −5 (2.4) | 18 (5.7) | −7 (4.5) |
Norway | All schools | 478 (1.7) | 25 (3.8) | −1 (1.4) | 1 (1.4) | 5 (1.5) | −5 (2.6) | −8 (3.9) |
| Â | Low SES | 462 (2.3) | 45 (11.3) | 1 (4.4) | 1 (2.4) | 4 (2.3) | 6 (4.5) | 4 (6.2) |
|  | High SES | 495 (2.1) | 33 (11.9) | 0 (1.7) | 1 (2.6) | 6 (1.7) | −5 (3.9) | 4 (6.8) |
Romania | All schools | 467 (3.9) | 28 (3.9) | 5 (3.8) | 7 (3.1) | 1 (2.8) | −2 (6.0) | −4 (10.9) |
|  | Low SES | 422 (6.3) | 12 (18.1) | 10 (8.1) | 11 (5.5) | 3 (4.9) | −5 (9.3) | −12 (19.6) |
|  | High SES | 512 (2.8) | 60 (5.6) | 0 (3.3) | −5 (2.5) | 1 (2.3) | 4 (3.7) | −21 (6.2) |
Singapore | All schools | 612 (2.7) | 55 (4.5) | 0 (0.9) | 2 (1.3) | 4 (2.2) | −11 (4.1) | 2 (5.5) |
|  | Low SES | 574 (3.8) | 88 (14.9) | −1 (2.1) | 4 (2.7) | 0 (4.3) | −7 (6.5) | 14 (10.0) |
|  | High SES | 661 (3.9) | 39 (10.7) | 0 (1.3) | 0 (2.9) | 6 (3.3) | 2 (4.3) | −19 (9.5) |
Slovenia | All schools | 503 (2.0) | 24 (5.4) | −1 (1.2) | 3 (1.3) | −1 (1.2) | −2 (2.7) | 4 (5.1) |
|  | Low SES | 489 (2.9) | 79 (18.6) | −4 (2.3) | 4 (2.2) | 5 (2.3) | −1 (4.4) | 21 (6.1) |
|  | High SES | 517 (2.5) | 35 (8.7) | −3 (2.3) | 4 (2.8) | 4 (2.2) | 6 (4.1) | −16 (6.7) |
Sweden | All schools | 487 (1.8) | 28 (4.2) | 0 (1.3) | 0 (1.2) | 4 (2.0) | −4 (2.0) | 3 (3.8) |
|  | Low SES | 467 (2.4) | 30 (7.9) | −4 (2.1) | −3 (2.4) | 7 (2.3) | 0 (3.2) | 4 (6.3) |
|  | High SES | 511 (2.9) | 8 (10.8) | 1 (3.4) | 7 (3.0) | 7 (3.4) | −5 (3.6) | −8 (5.5) |
Thailand | All schools | 438 (4.5) | 36 (5.4) | 3 (2.6) | 0 (3.1) | −4 (4.2) | −5 (7.7) | 5 (10.6) |
|  | Low SES | 398 (6.4) | −25 (26.3) | −7 (4.7) | 1 (5.3) | −8 (5.3) | −17 (9.4) | 2 (15.8) |
|  | High SES | 502 (6.2) | 57 (6.1) | 6 (4.5) | −1 (6.9) | −11 (7.0) | 27 (10.6) | 8 (15.2) |
Tunisia | All schools | 424 (2.5) | 28 (2.5) | −3 (2.3) | 1 (1.3) | −1(1.4) | 0 (3.3) | 9 (5.2) |
|  | Low SES | 399 (3.2) | 32 (6.6) | −7 (2.5) | −2 (1.5) | 2 (3.1) | 1 (3.2) | −7 (7.2) |
|  | High SES | 459 (4.6) | 46 (7.5) | −3 (4.5) | 4 (3.0) | −5 (3.0) | 3 (5.0) | 3 (8.2) |
Turkey | All schools | 453 (2.8) | 31 (2.7) | 1 (2.6) | 6 (1.8) | 2 (1.5) | −1 (3.2) | 2 (5.8) |
| Â | Low SES | 409 (4.5) | 17 (7.4) | 1 (3.8) | 6 (3.1) | 0 (3.2) | 4 (6.8) | 3 (10.0) |
|  | High SES | 507 (4.6) | 47 (8.7) | 2 (3.5) | 7 (3.2) | 1 (2.4) | 0 (7.0) | −1 (11.2) |
Ukraine | All schools | 486 (3.1) | 28 (5.0) | −1 (3.7) | 1 (3.8) | 4 (2.1) | −1 (5.5) | 9 (9.4) |
|  | Low SES | 461 (4.8) | 40 (14.9) | 8 (7.7) | −5 (6.1) | −3 (3.6) | 25 (14.2) | −3 (19.4) |
| Â | High SES | 518 (4.3) | 51 (13.5) | 1 (4.8) | 7 (6.3) | 7 (3.8) | 3 (7.0) | 69 (34.4) |
United Arab Emirates | All schools | 497 (3.9) | 45 (8.7) | 3 (1.9) | 1 (2.6) | 3 (2.5) | 8 (5.6) | −1 (9.2) |
|  | Low SES | 420 (3.5) | 31 (9.1) | 1 (2.0) | 2 (1.8) | 1 (1.4) | 0 (3.8) | −38 (9.1) |
|  | High SES | 497 (3.9) | 45 (8.7) | 3 (1.9) | 1 (2.6) | 3 (2.5) | 8 (5.6) | −1 (9.2) |
United States | All schools | 507 (2.4) | 40 (3.3) | 2 (1.2) | 1 (1.6) | −3 (2.0) | 2 (2.6) | −6 (5.2) |
|  | Low SES | 473 (3.7) | 30 (8.6) | −1 (2.1) | 2 (2.6) | −4 (4.1) | 4 (3.7) | −11 (8.1) |
|  | High SES | 558 (4.5) | 46 (13.4) | 2 (2.1) | 0 (2.9) | −4 (4.0) | 6 (5.1) | 4 (9.8) |
| Â | Â | Teach_WCN | Teach_EAS | Teac h_SOS | Teach_CTM | Teach_CST | Teach_CIT | Teach_IES | Teach_PRP | Teach_STT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Armenia | All schools | 3 (2.8) | 3 (3.1) | 2 (2.6) | 5 (3.1) | −1 (2.7) | 0 (2.5) | 0 (2.1) | −20 (12.7) | 0 (1.8) |
|  | Low SES | 6 (7.9) | 4 (5.3) | −2 (5.1) | −2 (4.6) | −2 (4.7) | −7 (8.1) | 3 (4.8) | −9 (20.0) | −1 (4.4) |
|  | High SES | 3 (3.4) | 1 (4.0) | −5 (3.9) | 7 (4.8) | 0 (3.7) | 3 (2.1) | 1 (3.2) | −8 (16.2) | 2 (2.5) |
Australia | All schools | −1 (0.0) | 4 (0.0) | −1 (0.0) | 3 (0.0) | −2 (0.0) | 3 (0.0) | −1 (0.0) | −6 (0.0) | −1 (0.0) |
|  | Low SES | 1 (3.7) | 3 (3.8) | −2 (3.7) | 1 (3.9) | 1 (3.8) | 4 (2.8) | 3 (4.1) | −3 (7.3) | 2 (1.7) |
|  | High SES | −4 (3.8) | 8 (4.4) | −5 (5.9) | 9 (2.8) | −3 (2.7) | 0 (3.9) | −4 (4.3) | −7 (18.7) | −4 (1.9) |
Chile | All schools | 0 (1.4) | 0 (1.6) | 2 (1.2) | −1 (1.8) | 4 (1.6) | 1 (1.2) | −2 (1.6) | 2 (2.9) | 1 (1.0) |
|  | Low SES | −1 (2.6) | −6 (2.8) | 0 (2.4) | 0 (5.2) | 9 (2.8) | 3 (3.6) | 3 (4.1) | 1 (6.8) | 2 (1.9) |
|  | High SES | 3 (2.5) | 0 (2.2) | 1 (3.1) | −4 (3.9) | −1 (3.1) | 0 (1.6) | −1 (2.0) | −2 (18.9) | 1 (1.3) |
Chinese Taipei | All schools | 0 (1.8) | 1(1.7) | 1 (1.4) | −1(1.3) | −3 (1.9) | −1 (1.2) | 1 (1.0) | 2 (2.7) | −2 (1.2) |
|  | Low SES | 0 (2.4) | 0 (3.1) | 0 (3.2) | 2 (2.2) | −6 (3.3) | 0 (2.0) | 2 (1.8) | 4 (5.6) | 2 (1.5) |
|  | High SES | 3 (2.9) | 1 (2.5) | 0 (2.4) | 2 (2.0) | −1 (3.3) | −6 (2.3) | 0 (1.7) | 2 (3.3) | −4 (2.4) |
England | All schools | −5 (3.2) | 1 (3.2) | 4 (3.3) | 0 (3.7) | 3 (2.5) | −2 (2.4) | −1 (2.2) | −6 (7.6) | 1 (6.0) |
|  | Low SES | 0 (4.6) | 1 (3.5) | −9 (3.9) | 13 (6.0) | 7 (3.6) | −6 (3.0) | −3 (3.1) | 18 (12.6) | 5 (19.0) |
|  | High SES | −2 (3.4) | −2 (6.2) | 3 (5.6) | 0 (5.0) | 2 (2.4) | 4 (4.5) | 3 (4.6) | −5 (12.0) | −5 (28.0) |
Finland | All schools | −2 (2.0) | −1 (1.7) | 2 (1.8) | 0 (1.3) | −1 (1.5) | −2 (1.4) | 1 (1.1) | 4 (4.5) | 0 (1.2) |
|  | Low SES | −2 (0.0) | −3 (0.0) | 5 (0.0) | −2 (0.0) | −6 (0.0) | −5 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | −11 (0.0) | 4 (0.0) |
|  | High SES | −2 (2.6) | 0 (3.1) | −3 (2.3) | −2 (2.2) | 3 (2.2) | 2 (1.8) | −1 (1.7) | −2 (7.6) | 4 (2.7) |
Georgia | All schools | 0 (2.0) | 10 (2.7) | 2 (3.0) | −1 (2.1) | −2 (2.3) | 4 (2.2) | 1 (2.2) | 6 (6.2) | 3 (2.0) |
|  | Low SES | 6 (4.8) | 3 (6.0) | −4 (5.1) | 1 (3.7) | −9 (5.6) | 11 (2.6) | 3 (4.0) | −6 (7.9) | 4 (2.8) |
|  | High SES | −2 (3.5) | 7 (3.3) | 3 (4.3) | −4 (5.0) | −1 (2.9) | −4 (7.1) | 5 (3.8) | 35 (21.1) | −4 (4.2) |
Hong Kong, SAR | All schools | −3 (3.5) | 2 (3.7) | 3 (3.1) | −1 (2.7) | 2 (2.6) | 0 (2.6) | 0 (2.3) | 8 (6.4) | −4 (1.8) |
|  | Low SES | −17 (7.4) | 2 (6.5) | 2 (6.4) | −2 (4.4) | −19 (6.8) | 3 (3.9) | 1 (4.2) | 25 (7.5) | −6 (3.4) |
|  | High SES | 0 (2.7) | −6 (4.7) | 8 (2.7) | 3 (2.9) | −2 (2.5) | −5 (2.3) | −8 (1.7) | −16 (3.7) | −3 (4.6) |
Hungary | All schools | −1 (1.7) | 0 (2.8) | 1 (2.1) | −4 (3.0) | −4 (1.9) | −2 (2.6) | 3 (2.3) | 7 (3.9) | −8 (2.8) |
|  | Low SES | 1 (2.0) | 0 (4.0) | 2 (3.1) | −20 (5.7) | −1 (2.4) | −6 (3.8) | 10 (4.0) | 14 (5.0) | −8 (3.3) |
|  | High SES | −4 (2.2) | 4 (2.4) | −1 (2.6) | 2 (2.1) | −3 (2.8) | 1 (4.2) | 0 (2.2) | −1 (2.4) | −3 (2.4) |
Israel | All schools | −7 (2.3) | 3 (2.0) | 5 (2.2) | 0 (1.8) | 2 (2.1) | −1 (2.0) | 1 (2.2) | 4 (4.2) | 0 (1.6) |
|  | Low SES | −7 (2.3) | 3 (2.0) | 5 (2.2) | 0 (1.8) | 2 (2.1) | −1 (2.0) | 1 (2.2) | 4 (4.2) | 0 (1.6) |
|  | High SES | −7 (4.7) | 2 (3.2) | 8 (4.4) | −2 (3.6) | 2 (2.8) | 0 (3.7) | −4 (4.7) | 11 (7.8) | −2 (1.8) |
Italy | All schools | 0 (1.8) | 4 (2.3) | 1 (1.8) | 1 (1.5) | −1 (1.8) | −2 (1.6) | −3 (1.6) | 0 (2.5) | −1 (1.7) |
|  | Low SES | 1 (3.3) | 5 (4.6) | 4 (3.7) | 4 (2.7) | −1 (2.9) | 2 (3.8) | −10 (2.9) | −5 (4.4) | 2 (3.3) |
|  | High SES | 0 (3.3) | 3 (3.4) | −5 (2.7) | −1 (2.9) | 0 (3.9) | 1 (2.5) | −3 (2.7) | −5 (5.6) | 3 (2.9) |
Japan | All schools | 1 (1.0) | 3 (1.0) | 0 (1.3) | 0 (1.1) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0.9) | 0 (1.2) | 1 (1.8) | 2 (1.1) |
|  | Low SES | 2 (1.5) | 3 (1.5) | 5 (3.2) | 1 (1.4) | 1 (1.4) | −5 (2.3) | 0 (1.8) | −1 (2.3) | 2 (2.0) |
|  | High SES | 0 (1.7) | 4 (1.8) | −3 (3.4) | −5 (1.9) | 7 (2.5) | 2 (1.6) | −3 (2.1) | 14 (4.1) | −3 (2.9) |
Republic of Korea | All schools | 1 (1.1) | 3 (1.1) | −1 (1.5) | −2 (0.7) | 0 (1.2) | 1 (0.8) | 0 (1.0) | −2 (1.7) | 0 (0.5) |
|  | Low SES | 0 (1.2) | 2 (1.6) | −1 (1.8) | −2 (1.0) | 2 (1.5) | 3 (1.0) | 3 (1.2) | −3 (2.1) | 0 (0.8) |
|  | High SES | 0 (1.4) | 2 (2.0) | −1 (2.3) | −1 (1.3) | −3 (2.0) | 0 (2.4) | 0 (2.4) | 0 (3.9) | −1(1.1) |
Lebanon | All schools | 1 (1.5) | 1 (1.8) | 1 (1.9) | 2 (1.5) | −1 (1.5) | 2 (1.5) | −1 (1.9) | −1 (3.6) | 1 (1.1) |
|  | Low SES | −6 (2.9) | 6 (2.8) | −3 (1.6) | 7 (2.5) | 6 (1.9) | 1 (1.8) | −1 (2.5) | −7 (5.1) | 4 (1.8) |
|  | High SES | 1 (2.5) | 0 (2.5) | 2 (3.7) | −2 (2.7) | −2 (1.9) | −1 (1.8) | 7 (2.8) | −8 (4.8) | −3 (1.4) |
Lithuania | All schools | −1 (1.4) | 0 (1.5) | 0 (2.0) | 2 (2.0) | 0 (1.6) | −1 (1.7) | −3 (1.9) | −3 (7.6) | −1 (1.6) |
|  | Low SES | 0 (1.8) | 3 (2.6) | 0 (3.1) | 9 (2.5) | −2 (2.5) | −1 (2.7) | −6 (2.6) | −11 (10.7) | 0 (2.2) |
|  | High SES | 0 (2.4) | 2 (2.7) | 0 (2.4) | −6 (2.4) | 1 (1.7) | −3 (2.2) | 4 (2.8) | 2 (11.2) | 4 (2.5) |
Malaysia | All schools | −5 (2.5) | 2 (2.0) | −1 (2.4) | −1 (1.9) | 1 (2.5) | −3 (2.7) | 2 (1.9) | 9 (4.0) | −1 (1.2) |
|  | Low SES | −1 (3.0) | −1 (3.2) | −8 (3.6) | −1 (2.5) | 10 (4.9) | −3 (3.7) | 1 (2.6) | 12 (5.2) | −1 (1.5) |
|  | High SES | −1 (6.1) | 5 (2.6) | 0 (4.2) | 2 (3.1) | −2 (3.3) | −1 (4.9) | 3 (2.4) | 2 (9.4) | 0 (1.9) |
New Zealand | All schools | −2 (1.4) | 0 (2.3) | 4 (2.0) | −4 (1.7) | 0 (1.6) | 0 (1.9) | 2 (2.1) | 7 (3.6) | −1 (1.2) |
|  | Low SES | −4 (2.4) | −3 (3.1) | 4 (3.7) | −4 (2.3) | 4 (2.4) | 1 (2.2) | 5 (2.3) | 10 (4.3) | −4 (1.7) |
|  | High SES | 0 (2.3) | 4 (2.1) | 5 (2.3) | −2 (2.2) | −4 (2.4) | 0 (2.1) | 0 (1.9) | 13 (2.6) | 2 (1.4) |
Norway | All schools | −1 (1.3) | 3 (1.8) | 0 (1.4) | 1 (1.2) | 0 (1.1) | 3 (1.0) | 0 (1.3) | −6 (2.4) | 1 (0.7) |
|  | Low SES | 1 (1.8) | −1 (3.8) | −1 (3.1) | 4 (2.0) | −1 (1.8) | 4 (2.0) | 1 (2.2) | −6 (4.1) | −1 (1.5) |
|  | High SES | −6 (2.6) | 10 (3.2) | −2 (2.3) | 1 (1.4) | 2 (2.4) | 1 (1.8) | 2 (1.3) | −6 (2.4) | −1 (1.3) |
Romania | All schools | −1 (2.4) | 0 (2.4) | 1 (3.3) | 3 (4.1) | −2 (1.8) | 0 (3.5) | 4 (2.7) | 8 (8.2) | −3 (2.1) |
|  | Low SES | 1 (4.2) | −1 (4.6) | 1 (4.7) | 4 (6.8) | −3 (3.9) | −3 (5.1) | 7 (5.4) | 11 (12.6) | −3 (4.1) |
|  | High SES | −2 (2.4) | 7 (2.2) | −2 (2.2) | −5 (3.9) | −2 (1.6) | 0 (2.2) | 4 (3.1) | 27 (17.5) | 2 (1.4) |
Singapore | All schools | −2 (1.6) | 1 (1.5) | 0 (1.9) | 1 (1.8) | 1 (1.6) | 3 (1.3) | 2 (1.9) | 1 (5.0) | −1 (1.1) |
|  | Low SES | −3 (3.4) | −4 (2.3) | −3 (2.8) | 1 (3.8) | 6 (3.1) | 0 (3.4) | 4 (2.6) | 3 (5.8) | 0 (1.3) |
|  | High SES | −1 (2.8) | 3 (3.3) | 5 (3.8) | −4 (2.1) | −1 (2.9) | 2 (2.8) | 6 (2.9) | 10 (9.2) | −3 (1.5) |
Slovenia | All schools | −1 (1.1) | 3 (1.5) | −2 (1.5) | 1 (1.5) | −1 (1.6) | 2 (1.3) | −1 (1.1) | −8 (3.7) | 2 (1.4) |
|  | Low SES | 0 (2.3) | 8 (3.3) | 0 (2.3) | 0 (2.5) | −3 (2.1) | 1 (1.5) | −3 (2.2) | −12 (3.6) | 3 (2.2) |
|  | High SES | 1 (1.3) | 0 (2.6) | −7 (2.8) | 6 (2.6) | 2 (1.9) | 3 (2.0) | −2 (1.4) | −16 (4.3) | 0 (1.6) |
Sweden | All schools | 2 (1.2) | 3 (1.4) | −1 (1.5) | −1 (1.4) | 1 (1.0) | 1 (0.9) | −1 (1.1) | 1 (3.0) | 0 (0.5) |
|  | Low SES | 0 (1.4) | 3 (3.3) | 4 (2.7) | −5 (2.8) | 3 (2.4) | 1 (1.8) | 0 (1.3) | 12 (6.6) | 1 (1.0) |
|  | High SES | 5 (3.2) | 1 (2.2) | 2 (1.8) | −1 (2.4) | 0 (1.3) | 4 (1.2) | −3 (2.9) | 5 (4.8) | −1 (1.0) |
Thailand | All schools | −1 (3.7) | 1 (2.8) | −2 (2.7) | 2 (2.2) | 0 (5.0) | −2 (2.2) | 2 (2.8) | −5 (4.3) | 1 (1.2) |
|  | Low SES | 1 (4.8) | 4 (5.2) | 0 (3.2) | 4 (3.8) | −17 (15.7) | 1 (3.9) | −5 (4.5) | −7 (6.2) | −1 (1.8) |
|  | High SES | 4 (8.1) | 5 (3.9) | 6 (5.1) | 7 (3.6) | −2 (4.9) | −5 (2.2) | 3 (4.5) | 2 (5.9) | −3 (2.2) |
Tunisia | All schools | −4 (1.7) | 3 (1.5) | 2 (1.4) | −3 (1.6) | 0 (1.3) | 0 (1.0) | 2 (1.3) | −3 (3.2) | 1 (0.8) |
|  | Low SES | −3 (3.2) | 0 (2.0) | 5 (2.1) | −3 (2.2) | −2 (1.9) | 0 (1.8) | 3 (1.7) | 5 (3.3) | 0 (1.5) |
|  | High SES | −3 (4.1) | 1 (3.2) | −4 (3.4) | −2 (3.0) | 1 (3.3) | −1 (2.5) | 7 (3.0) | −11 (7.0) | 3 (1.4) |
Turkey | All schools | −5 (1.7) | −2 (1.7) | 8 (1.9) | 2 (1.5) | 0 (1.3) | −2 (1.6) | 2 (1.6) | 6 (3.1) | 2 (1.5) |
|  | Low SES | −4 (2.1) | −4 (2.8) | 8 (2.9) | 3 (2.6) | 1 (1.7) | −5 (2.4) | 5 (2.6) | 14 (6.3) | 3 (2.0) |
|  | High SES | −5 (2.7) | −3 (3.1) | 8 (3.8) | 0 (2.9) | −3 (2.7) | 0 (2.9) | 2 (3.1) | 10 (5.2) | 1 (2.0) |
Ukraine | All schools | 0 (2.7) | 1 (3.3) | 0 (2.9) | −1 (4.1) | 1 (2.8) | 0 (3.6) | 1 (2.6) | −3 (3.7) | 6 (2.6) |
|  | Low SES | −2 (4.6) | −11 (4.5) | −7 (4.5) | −9 (7.8) | 6 (5.1) | −4 (6.9) | −2 (3.8) | −3 (6.2) | 4 (6.7) |
|  | High SES | −2 (4.1) | −4 (6.4) | −3 (4.3) | 15 (8.5) | 3 (4.0) | 1 (4.5) | 1 (3.9) | 0 (6.9) | 4 (3.2) |
United Arab Emirates | All schools | −2 (1.8) | 6 (2.7) | 2 (3.8) | −2 (2.8) | 6 (2.7) | −4 (2.2) | −1 (3.2) | 10 (5.4) | 3 (1.7) |
|  | Low SES | 0 (2.2) | 3 (2.5) | 5 (2.6) | −1 (2.0) | 0 (2.2) | −6 (3.1) | 1 (2.5) | −5 (5.1) | 1 (1.1) |
|  | High SES | −2 (1.8) | 6 (2.7) | 2 (3.8) | −2 (2.8) | 6 (2.7) | −4 (2.2) | −1 (3.2) | 10 (5.4) | 3 (1.7) |
United States | All schools | 0 (1.2) | 0 (1.5) | −2 (1.6) | 1 (1.7) | −2 (1.4) | 0 (1.0) | 0 (1.8) | 2 (4.4) | −3 (0.9) |
|  | Low SES | −1 (1.9) | 1 (2.1) | 0 (2.1) | 2 (2.8) | −6 (2.4) | 0 (1.6) | −1 (3.4) | −3 (5.8) | −2 (1.3) |
|  | High SES | 5 (2.2) | 0 (2.9) | −6 (3.7) | 2 (3.3) | −3 (2.4) | 1 (1.7) | −1 (3.2) | −6 (6.5) | −5 (2.3) |
|  |  | Student_gender (female = 0) | SES_student | St_SLM | St_SVM | St_SCM | St_EML | St_HMW |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Armenia | All schools | −9 (2.6) | 5 (1.0) | 5 (1.0) | −2 (0.8) | 16 (1.1) | 0 (0.8) | −8 (1.9) |
|  | Low SES | −11 (5.1) | 5 (1.3) | 5 (1.6) | −5 (1.3) | 18 (1.1) | 1 (1.7) | −15 (4.4) |
|  | High SES | −8 (3.7) | 4 (1.6) | 4 (1.5) | 0 (1.0) | 13 (1.6) | 0 (1.3) | −5 (3.0) |
Australia | All schools | −2 (3.8) | 6 (1.3) | 2 (1.1) | −1 (1.2) | 14 (1.2) | −2 (1.1) | 0 (2.4) |
|  | Low SES | −5 (5.1) | 7 (1.3) | 1 (1.6) | −1 (1.3) | 14 (1.1) | −1 (1.7) | −1 (4.4) |
|  | High SES | −4 (5.3) | 6 (1.3) | 1 (1.3) | 0 (1.0) | 14 (1.3) | −2 (1.2) | 0 (2.8) |
Chile | All schools | 10 (3.4) | 4 (0.7) | 0 (1.0) | 0 (0.8) | 17 (0.8) | −3 (0.9) | 1 (2.2) |
|  | Low SES | 6 (4.3) | 5 (1.5) | 2 (1.5) | −1 (1.2) | 16 (1.4) | −3 (1.1) | −3 (4.0) |
|  | High SES | 13 (3.0) | 2 (1.3) | −1 (1.0) | 2 (1.0) | 17 (0.8) | −4 (0.8) | 3 (2.8) |
Chinese Taipei | All schools | −15 (2.1) | 12 (0.8) | 5 (1.0) | 2 (0.9) | 17 (0.9) | −2 (0.9) | −10 (2.7) |
|  | Low SES | −12 (3.8) | 12 (1.7) | 7 (2.0) | 2 (1.9) | 16 (1.3) | −1 (1.9) | −10 (4.4) |
|  | High SES | −22 (3.5) | 10 (1.2) | 4 (1.8) | 4 (1.3) | 16 (1.5) | −1 (1.5) | −10 (2.9) |
England | All schools | −5 (2.4) | 8 (1.1) | −1 (1.2) | 0 (1.0) | 11 (0.9) | 0 (1.0) | −2 (2.5) |
|  | Low SES | −5 (4.7) | 10 (2.1) | −4 (2.8) | 1 (2.0) | 14 (1.9) | 2 (1.8) | −1 (5.7) |
|  | High SES | −5 (3.7) | 7 (1.5) | 0 (1.4) | −1 (1.2) | 11 (1.2) | −1 (1.4) | −3 (3.7) |
Finland | All schools | −9 (2.3) | 8 (0.7) | 2 (1.0) | 1 (0.9) | 17 (1.2) | −5 (1.0) | 8 (1.4) |
|  | Low SES | −7 (3.7) | 7 (1.7) | 2 (2.1) | 1 (1.4) | 17 (1.2) | −7 (1.6) | 9 (3.3) |
|  | High SES | −14 (3.9) | 6 (1.3) | 1 (1.7) | 1 (0.9) | 16 (1.2) | −3 (2.3) | 6 (6.0) |
Georgia | All schools | −1 (3.9) | 8 (1.3) | 3 (1.3) | −4 (1.1) | 21 (1.7) | 0 (1.3) | −12 (2.1) |
|  | Low SES | 5 (8.7) | 15 (2.8) | 1 (2.1) | −1 (2.4) | 21 (2.8) | −2 (2.6) | −10 (3.7) |
|  | High SES | −2 (3.8) | 5 (1.8) | 2 (1.4) | −6 (1.3) | 21 (1.5) | 1 (1.2) | −18 (3.5) |
Hong Kong, SAR | All schools | 9 (2.4) | 0 (0.7) | 3 (0.9) | 1 (0.8) | 9 (0.8) | 0 (1.4) | −2 (2.6) |
|  | Low SES | 12 (3.4) | 0 (1.3) | 3 (1.5) | 2 (1.2) | 11 (1.5) | −1 (1.3) | 1 (3.2) |
|  | High SES | 6 (2.8) | 1 (1.2) | 4 (1.3) | 2 (0.9) | 8 (0.9) | 1 (1.1) | −1 (2.2) |
Hungary | All schools | −3 (2.3) | 12 (1.0) | −2 (1.2) | 0 (0.9) | 19 (0.8) | −2 (0.9) | 4 (1.7) |
|  | Low SES | −5 (5.1) | 16 (1.7) | −2 (2.7) | 0 (2.3) | 20 (1.7) | −1 (1.6) | 1 (3.4) |
|  | High SES | −1 (2.5) | 8 (1.2) | 0 (0.9) | 0 (0.8) | 18 (0.9) | −3 (1.2) | 5 (2.2) |
Israel | All schools | −4 (0.0) | 9 (0.0) | −1 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) | 17 (0.0) | −4 (0.0) | −7 (0.0) |
|  | Low SES | −4 (3.4) | 9 (0.7) | −1 (1.0) | 2 (0.8) | 17 (0.8) | −4 (0.9) | −7 (2.2) |
|  | High SES | 3 (6.1) | 9 (1.4) | 1 (1.3) | 0 (1.3) | 15 (1.3) | −4 (1.6) | −6 (4.2) |
Italy | All schools | 1 (0.0) | 8 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | −3 (0.0) | 19 (0.0) | −2 (0.0) | 3 (0.0) |
|  | Low SES | 1 (5.0) | 9 (1.6) | 2 (2.3) | −2 (1.8) | 17 (1.7) | −3 (2.1) | 5 (3.7) |
|  | High SES | 1 (4.7) | 8 (1.1) | −1 (1.9) | 0 (1.8) | 19 (1.5) | −4 (1.9) | 2 (3.0) |
Japan | All schools | −9 (0.0) | 11 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) | 4 (0.0) | 19 (0.0) | −2 (0.0) | 10 (0.0) |
|  | Low SES | −13 (4.0) | 12 (1.4) | 2 (2.4) | 3 (1.9) | 20 (1.9) | −2 (2.1) | 2 (5.4) |
|  | High SES | −7 (3.0) | 11 (1.6) | 1 (1.4) | 4 (1.6) | 18 (1.9) | 1 (1.2) | 9 (4.3) |
Republic of Korea | All schools | −4 (0.0) | 13 (0.0) | 3 (0.0) | 6 (0.0) | 22 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.0) |
|  | Low SES | −3 (5.1) | 12 (1.5) | 2 (2.0) | 8 (1.5) | 24 (1.6) | −1 (1.3) | 3 (4.2) |
|  | High SES | −8 (3.3) | 15 (1.2) | 4 (1.6) | 6 (1.2) | 19 (1.5) | 0 (1.4) | 3 (3.8) |
Lebanon | All schools | 4 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 11 (0.0) | −1 (0.0) | −2 (0.0) |
|  | Low SES | −1 (7.2) | 0 (1.5) | 5 (1.7) | 1 (1.4) | 8 (1.4) | 0 (1.2) | −7 (3.4) |
|  | High SES | 3 (3.4) | 2 (1.0) | 0 (1.1) | −1 (0.9) | 13 (1.2) | −1 (1.3) | 0 (2.4) |
Lithuania | All schools | −12 (0.0) | 11 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | −1 (0.0) | 21 (0.0) | −7 (0.0) | 4 (0.0) |
|  | Low SES | −16 (5.9) | 14 (2.3) | 1 (2.4) | 1 (1.9) | 25 (2.1) | −10 (2.3) | 1 (3.6) |
|  | High SES | −10 (3.7) | 8 (1.3) | 0 (1.3) | 0 (1.0) | 19 (0.9) | −5 (1.3) | 7 (2.6) |
Malaysia | All schools | −2 (0.0) | 3 (0.0) | 8 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (0.0) | −6 (0.0) | 4 (0.0) |
|  | Low SES | −3 (3.2) | 2 (0.9) | 9 (1.1) | 2 (0.9) | 3 (1.6) | −5 (1.1) | 2 (2.0) |
|  | High SES | −5 (2.7) | 1 (0.8) | 5 (1.0) | 1 (0.8) | 10 (1.2) | −7 (0.8) | 5 (1.9) |
New Zealand | All schools | −2 (0.0) | 9 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | −1 (0.0) | 19 (0.0) | −5 (0.0) | −3 (0.0) |
|  | Low SES | 8 (4.5) | 10 (2.2) | −1 (1.7) | 1 (1.4) | 19 (1.5) | −8 (1.2) | 6 (4.3) |
|  | High SES | −6 (4.3) | 10 (1.5) | 1 (1.4) | −2 (1.5) | 19 (1.2) | −2 (1.8) | −1 (4.8) |
Norway | All schools | −6 (0.0) | 8 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | −2 (0.0) | 17 (0.0) | −3 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) |
|  | Low SES | −12 (5.3) | 11 (1.4) | 3 (2.3) | −4 (1.3) | 15 (2.2) | −5 (1.4) | −5 (3.4) |
|  | High SES | −3 (2.7) | 9 (0.8) | −1 (1.3) | −2 (1.1) | 17 (0.9) | 0 (1.0) | 4 (3.1) |
Romania | All schools | −3 (0.0) | 14 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) | −3 (0.0) | 18 (0.0) | −2 (0.0) | −16 (0.0) |
|  | Low SES | 3 (3.2) | 12 (1.5) | 4 (1.3) | −3 (1.1) | 16 (1.3) | −3 (1.6) | −18 (3.9) |
|  | High SES | −7 (3.4) | 13 (1.3) | 1 (1.4) | −1 (1.1) | 20 (1.0) | −5 (1.4) | −13 (2.4) |
Singapore | All schools | −3 (0.0) | 5 (0.0) | 3 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (0.0) | −5 (0.0) | −15 (0.0) |
|  | Low SES | −5 (4.7) | 7 (1.3) | 2 (1.6) | −1 (1.5) | 14 (1.4) | −7 (2.0) | −25 (4.0) |
|  | High SES | 4 (3.4) | 1 (1.3) | 4 (0.9) | 0 (0.8) | 9 (0.9) | −2 (1.0) | −3 (2.0) |
Slovenia | All schools | −2 (0.0) | 12 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | −1 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) | −8 (0.0) | −4 (0.0) |
|  | Low SES | −3 (4.0) | 11 (1.7) | −3 (1.3) | 0 (1.3) | 26 (1.2) | −5 (1.9) | 2 (2.9) |
|  | High SES | 2 (4.0) | 11 (1.3) | 1 (1.4) | −3 (1.3) | 21 (1.9) | −6 (1.3) | −8 (2.4) |
Sweden | All schools | −9 (0.0) | 8 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) | −2 (0.0) | 18 (0.0) | −2 (0.0) | 6 (0.0) |
|  | Low SES | −8 (5.6) | 9 (1.8) | 3 (2.4) | −3 (1.7) | 19 (2.7) | 0 (1.6) | 11 (4.1) |
|  | High SES | −13 (4.4) | 8 (1.2) | 2 (1.9) | −2 (1.5) | 18 (1.3) | −3 (2.1) | 4 (4.0) |
Thailand | All schools | −4 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) | 9 (0.0) | 3 (0.0) | 7 (0.0) | −6 (0.0) | −2 (0.0) |
|  | Low SES | −8 (4.3) | −1 (1.7) | 8 (1.8) | 6 (2.0) | 3 (3.2) | −5 (2.3) | 0 (2.8) |
|  | High SES | 0 (2.9) | 1 (1.0) | 10 (1.2) | 1 (1.0) | 8 (1.5) | −6 (1.1) | −2 (2.7) |
Tunisia | All schools | 12 (0.0) | 3 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 14 (0.0) | −3 (0.0) | 3 (0.0) |
|  | Low SES | 14 (2.8) | −2 (1.1) | 1 (1.2) | −1 (1.2) | 13 (1.3) | −3 (1.2) | 1 (2.1) |
|  | High SES | 9 (3.6) | 6 (1.5) | 0 (1.5) | 1 (0.9) | 15 (1.7) | −2 (1.1) | 3 (2.4) |
Turkey | All schools | −9 (0.0) | 9 (0.0) | −1 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | 22 (0.0) | −1 (0.0) | 4 (0.0) |
|  | Low SES | −9 (5.5) | 5 (1.4) | 1 (1.6) | 2 (1.4) | 19 (1.5) | 2 (1.5) | 1 (3.6) |
|  | High SES | −11 (3.3) | 9 (1.3) | −1 (1.5) | 0 (1.3) | 23 (1.1) | −4 (1.3) | 9 (3.4) |
Ukraine | All schools | 2 (0.0) | 10 (0.0) | −1 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 28 (0.0) | −3 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) |
|  | Low SES | −3 (8.0) | 18 (3.1) | 2 (2.8) | 1 (2.3) | 26 (4.4) | −3 (2.6) | 0 (3.6) |
|  | High SES | 10 (3.5) | 7 (1.3) | 1 (1.5) | −2 (1.2) | 28 (1.5) | −4 (1.4) | 6 (2.7) |
United Arab Emirates | All schools | −5 (0.0) | 5 (0.0) | 3 (0.0) | −1 (0.0) | 18 (0.0) | −5 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) |
|  | Low SES | −16 (10.3) | 5 (0.9) | 2 (1.4) | −2 (0.9) | 18 (1.2) | −3 (1.0) | 1 (2.7) |
|  | High SES | −5 (4.4) | 5 (1.2) | 3 (1.1) | −1 (0.8) | 18 (0.8) | −5 (1.1) | 2 (2.7) |
United States | All schools | 4 (0.0) | 4 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 11 (0.0) | −3 (0.0) | −1 (0.0) |
|  | Low SES | 4 (2.7) | 2 (0.8) | 1 (0.9) | −1 (0.8) | 11 (0.7) | −4 (0.8) | −2 (1.8) |
|  | High SES | 1 (2.2) | 3 (0.7) | 2 (0.9) | 0 (0.6) | 9 (0.7) | −3 (0.7) | 1 (2.1) |