Country
|
Variable
|
Model 1
| |
Model 2
| |
Model 3
| |
---|
Australia
|
Constant
|
509.9
| |
501.4
| |
512.2
| |
E-communication
|
40.8
|
*
|
38.0
|
*
|
29.1
|
*
|
Gender
| | |
21.2
|
*
|
18.3
|
*
|
SES
| | | | |
28.2
|
*
|
Chile
|
Constant
|
449.1
| |
441.7
| |
452.9
| |
E-communication
|
54.4
|
*
|
51.8
|
*
|
38.3
|
*
|
Gender
| | |
18.4
|
*
|
18.9
|
*
|
SES
| | | | |
31.6
|
*
|
Croatia
|
Constant
|
478.5
| |
472.9
| |
483.4
| |
E-communication
|
40.5
|
*
|
39.4
|
*
|
29.3
|
*
|
Gender
| | |
13.2
|
*
|
14.0
|
*
|
SES
| | | | |
22.5
|
*
|
Czech Republic
|
Constant
|
533.9
| |
530.9
| |
535.3
| |
E-communication
|
23.1
|
*
|
21.2
|
*
|
18.0
|
*
|
Gender
| | |
9.2
|
*
|
8.2
|
*
|
SES
| | | | |
19.6
| |
Germanya
|
Constant
|
497.7
| |
492.1
| |
502.0
| |
E-communication
|
36.2
|
*
|
34.8
|
*
|
25.6
|
*
|
Gender
| | |
13.9
|
*
|
15.0
|
*
|
SES
| | | | |
24.8
|
*
|
Republic of Korea
|
Constant
|
519.2
| |
504.4
| |
507.2
| |
E-communication
|
41.1
|
*
|
37.1
|
*
|
34.9
|
*
|
Gender
| | |
33.6
|
*
|
33.6
|
*
|
SES
| | | | |
17.4
|
*
|
Lithuania
|
Constant
|
443.1
| |
439.4
| |
460.1
| |
E-communication
|
61.6
|
*
|
59.9
|
*
|
42.6
|
*
|
Gender
| | |
10.7
|
*
|
8.9
|
*
|
SES
| | | | |
24.6
|
*
|
Norway (Grade 9)
|
Constant
|
495.9
| |
487.3
| |
497.8
| |
E-communication
|
46.8
|
*
|
44.5
|
*
|
34.8
|
*
|
Gender
| | |
21.2
|
*
|
22.0
|
*
|
SES
| | | | |
19.4
|
*
|
Poland
|
Constant
|
508.9
| |
505.8
| |
511.8
| |
E-communication
|
32.5
|
*
|
30.6
|
*
|
25.1
|
*
|
Gender
| | |
10.0
|
*
|
8.4
|
*
|
SES
| | | | |
28.0
|
*
|
Russian Federationb
|
Constant
|
468.5
| |
466.2
| |
477.8
| |
E-communication
|
57.0
|
*
|
55.5
|
*
|
44.4
|
*
|
Gender
| | |
7.2
|
*
|
6.1
|
*
|
SES
| | | | |
20.2
|
*
|
Slovak Republic
|
Constant
|
454.0
| |
450.5
| |
467.6
| |
E-communication
|
74.6
|
*
|
73.5
|
*
|
59.2
|
*
|
Gender
| | |
8.8
|
*
|
10.0
|
*
|
SES
| | | | |
29.3
|
*
|
Slovenia
|
Constant
|
496.2
| |
485.5
| |
488.0
| |
E-Communication
|
20.6
|
*
|
17.4
|
*
|
15.2
|
*
|
Gender
| | |
26.8
|
*
|
27.8
|
*
|
SES
| | | | |
18.5
|
*
|
Thailandb
|
Constant
|
342.7
| |
340.9
| |
350.3
| |
E-communication
|
65.5
|
*
|
65.2
|
*
|
45.4
|
*
|
Gender
| | |
3.9
| |
7.2
| |
SES
| | | | |
34.5
|
*
|
Turkey
|
Constant
|
331.6
| |
329.6
| |
344.2
| |
E-communication
|
58.0
|
*
|
58.2
|
*
|
44.0
|
*
|
Gender
| | |
3.9
| |
3.7
| |
SES
| | | | |
27.2
|
*
|
Ontario, Canada
|
Constant
|
523.5
| |
515.4
| |
524.8
| |
E-communication
|
31.8
|
*
|
28.2
|
*
|
20.8
|
*
|
Gender
| | |
22.6
|
*
|
21.2
|
*
|
SES
| | | | |
19.2
|
*
|
Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
|
Constant
|
501.9
| |
490.4
| |
496.3
| |
E-communication
|
35.4
|
*
|
28.9
|
*
|
27.1
|
*
|
Gender
| | |
30.4
|
*
|
27.8
|
*
|
SES
| | | | |
22.0
|
*
|
Countries not meeting sample requirements
|
Denmark
|
Constant
|
525.9
| |
520.3
| |
528.1
| |
E-communication
|
19.5
|
*
|
17.9
|
*
|
13.1
| |
Gender
| | |
14.7
|
*
|
13.9
|
*
|
SES
| | | | |
19.2
|
*
|
Hong Kong, SAR
|
Constant
|
480.3
| |
472.5
| |
499.3
| |
E-communication
|
50.9
|
*
|
48.9
|
*
|
34.6
|
*
|
Gender
| | |
18.9
|
*
|
12.8
|
*
|
SES
| | | | |
11.1
|
*
|
Netherlands
|
Constant
|
496.1
| |
488.8
| |
Not includedc
|
E-communication
|
49.5
|
*
|
48.0
|
*
|
Gender
| | |
17.7
|
*
|
SES
| | | | |
Switzerland
|
Constant
|
511.9
| |
508.7
| |
508.1
| |
E-communication
|
18.7
|
*
|
18.4
|
*
|
20.1
|
*
|
Gender
| | |
7.1
| |
8.8
| |
SES
| | | | |
17.0
|
*
|
City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
|
Constant
|
416.8
| |
416.8
| |
427.9
| |
E-communication
|
56.4
|
*
|
56.4
|
*
|
48.0
|
*
|
Gender
| | |
0.1
| |
−0.2
| |
SES
| | | | |
37.2
|
*
|
Cross-national average
|
Constant
|
475.5
| |
469.6
| |
478.8
| |
E-communication
|
43.6
|
*
|
41.6
|
*
|
32.5
|
*
|
Gender
| | |
14.9
|
*
|
14.3
|
*
|
SES
| | | | |
23.6
|
*
|
- * Statistically significant (p < 0.05) coefficients
-
aMet guidelines for sampling participation rates only after replacement schools were included
-
bCountry surveyed the same cohort of students but at the beginning of the next school year
-
cDue to missing occupation codes no SES variable was derived, hence Model 3 was not applicable