Determinants of country differences in effects of parental education on children’s academic achievement

Large-scale Assessments in Education

An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal

Table 2 Bivariate and partial correlations between country characteristics and the estimated effects of parental education on three subject domains

Estimated effects of Parental Education on three subject domains	Gini index				Human development index
	Bivariate correlation		Partial^a correlation		Bivariate correlation		Partial^b correlation
	With outliers^c	Without outliers	With outliers	Without outliers	With outliers	Without outliers	With outliers	Without outliers
Total effect on Math	−.18	.03	−.04	−.16	.00	−.11	.07	.14
Total effect on Science	−.02	.00	−.25	−.28	−.13	−.13	.24	.34
Total effect on Reading	−.10	.01	−.19	−.22	−.10	−.10	.19	.28
Direct effect on Math	.36*	.29	−.36*	−.09	−.26	.06	.25	.30
Direct effect on Science	.35	.30	−.43*	−.28	−.33	−.11	.29	.36
Direct effect on Reading	.38*	.34	−.51*	−.40*	−.43*	−.24	.30	.39*
Indirect effect on Math	−.49**	−.23	.50*	.14	.38*	−.02	−.36*	−.34
Indirect effect, Science	−.58**	−.39*	.62*	.39*	.49**	.21	−.44*	−.42*
Indirect effect on Reading	−.57**	−.36	.56*	.34	.43*	.17	−.40*	−.38*
Number of countries	31	27	31	27	34	30	31	27

* Correlation is significant at the .05 level (2-tailed)
** Correlation is significant at the .01 level (2-tailed)
^aPartial correlation of Gini and estimated Parental Education effects controlling for HDI
^bPartial correlation of HDI and estimated Parental Education effects controlling for Gini
^cOutlier countries with extreme values in HDI and Gini are Botswana, Honduras, Hong Kong and Morocco