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Large-scale Assessments in Education

An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal

Table 1 Estimates of total, direct and indirect effects

From: Determinants of country differences in effects of parental education on children’s academic achievement

Country

Total effects

Direct effects

Indirect effects

Math

Science

Reading

Math

Science

Reading

Math

Science

Reading

Azerbaijan

.11

.14

.15

.06

.08

.11

.05

.06

.03

Australia

.33

.35

.33

.23

.22

.21

.11

.14

.12

Austria

.31

.33

.32

.09

.10

.10

.22

.23

.22

Botswana

.41

.45

.48

.32

.34

.38

.09

.10

.10

Chinese Taipei

.37

.39

.34

.20

.22

.20

.17

.17

.13

Croatia

.31

.32

.31

.17

.17

.16

.14

.15

.14

Czech Republic

.31

.29

.29

.17

.13

.13

.14

.16

.16

Finland

.29

.28

.28

.16

.13

.12

.13

.15

.16

Georgia

.28

.29

.31

.15

.15

.17

.13

.14

.14

Germany

.36

.38

.36

.17

.15

.15

.19

.23

.21

Honduras

.34

.36

.34

.31

.31

.29

.03

.05

.05

Hong Kong SAR

.16

.15

.12

.07

.05

.04

.09

.10

.08

Hungary

.55

.55

.53

.27

.26

.29

.28

.29

.24

Iran, Islamic Rep. of

.44

.45

.43

.25

.25

.25

.19

.20

.18

Ireland

.33

.34

.34

.17

.16

.16

.17

.19

.19

Italy

.24

.28

.3

.15

.14

.16

.09

.14

.14

Lithuania

.36

.35

.35

.19

.18

.16

.17

.18

.19

Malta

.34

.45

.44

.21

.30

.30

.13

.15

.15

Morocco

.19

.19

.24

.18

.16

.19

.00

.03

.05

Oman

.30

.31

.32

.21

.22

.23

.09

.08

.09

Norway

.25

.28

.26

.16

.11

.11

.10

.17

.16

Poland

.43

.44

.43

.27

.28

.29

.15

.16

.14

Portugal

.30

.30

.31

.13

.13

.14

.18

.17

.18

Qatar

.39

.38

.40

.31

.30

.32

.09

.08

.08

Romania

.43

.47

.49

.21

.23

.25

.22

.24

.24

Russian Federation

.27

.27

.30

.15

.14

.17

.11

.13

.13

Saudi Arabia

.18

.25

.24

.09

.15

.16

.09

.10

.09

Singapore

.39

.44

.41

.25

.27

.24

.15

.17

.17

Slovak Republic

.37

.38

.38

.16

.16

.16

.21

.21

.21

Slovenia

.38

.39

.35

.23

.21

.18

.15

.17

.17

Spain

.37

.33

.31

.21

.14

.16

.17

.19

.16

Sweden

.32

.34

.34

.13

.10

.12

.20

.25

.22

United Arab Emirates

.39

.40

.42

.25

.27

.26

.14

.13

.15

Dubai, UAE

.41

.42

.42

.25

.26

.25

.16

.16

.17

Abu Dhabi, UAE

.40

.39

.40

.27

.27

.25

.13

.12

.15

Quebec, Canada

.25

.29

.27

.18

.18

.17

.08

.11

.10

N. Ireland

.38

.39

.36

.25

.23

.22

.13

.16

.14

Average

.33

.35

.34

.19

.19

.20

.14

.15

.15

Standard deviation

.09

.09

.09

.07

.07

.07

.06

.06

.05

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