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Table 2 Descriptive statistics and amount of missing data for the outcome and covariates

From: Does non-participation in preschool affect children’s reading achievement? International evidence from propensity score analyses

 

Reading Achiev. (ASRREA01–ASRREA05)

Parents Attitudes Towards Reading (ASBHPLR)

Language at Home (ASBG03)

Highest Parental Occupational Status (ASDHOCCP)

Highest Parental Educational Status (ASDHEDUP)

Gender (ITSEX)

Early Home Literacy Activities (ASBHELA)

Books at Home (student survey) (ASBG04)

Books at Home (parental survey) (ASBH14)

Chinese Taipei

 Mean

561.25

9.49

1.51

3.79

2.73

1.54

8.79

2.02

1.96

 SD

60.47

1.71

0.52

1.24

0.99

0.50

1.90

1.28

1.32

 Missing (%)

0.00

1.44

0.98

6.64

2.80

0.00

1.19

0.84

1.51

Germany

 Mean

544.32

10.14

1.80

3.57

2.50

1.51

10.20

2.18

2.54

 SD

62.20

2.21

0.41

1.17

1.26

0.50

1.73

1.15

1.23

 Missing (%)

0.00

20.73

10.10

27.18

27.05

0.00

20.08

10.75

20.73

New Zealand

 Mean

530.33

10.73

1.72

4.07

2.89

1.51

10.91

2.17

2.47

 SD

87.46

2.19

0.49

1.23

1.13

0.50

2.12

1.16

1.25

 Missing (%)

0.00

40.06

1.05

43.04

41.02

0.00

40.52

2.20

40.26

Norway

 Mean

513.05

10.78

1.81

4.44

3.47

1.50

10.08

2.31

2.91

 SD

57.44

2.13

0.43

1.01

0.82

0.50

1.72

1.12

1.12

 Missing (%)

0.00

9.62

2.76

12.35

12.60

0.00

8.81

3.26

9.44

Russia

 Mean

572.32

9.63

1.84

3.77

3.36

1.51

11.13

1.97

2.29

 SD

61.57

1.79

0.41

1.25

0.77

0.50

1.94

1.06

1.15

 Missing (%)

0.00

0.94

0.34

4.15

5.65

0.00

1.10

0.29

1.05

Singapore

 Mean

575.46

9.74

1.29

4.18

2.86

1.49

9.53

2.16

1.88

 SD

74.71

1.75

0.56

1.14

1.10

0.50

2.11

1.07

1.22

 Missing (%)

0.00

2.76

1.55

9.25

5.61

0.00

2.72

1.76

2.87

Slovakia

 Mean

541.51

10.05

1.77

3.59

2.64

1.50

10.55

2.00

2.13

 SD

64.12

2.01

0.49

1.37

1.01

0.50

1.85

1.13

1.17

 Missing (%)

0.00

2.84

1.14

11.28

4.23

0.00

2.65

1.23

2.95

Spain

 Mean

523.98

10.10

1.73

3.57

2.50

1.50

10.50

2.05

2.35

 SD

62.27

2.10

0.55

1.37

1.35

0.50

1.78

1.15

1.21

 Missing (%)

0.00

7.32

1.15

13.76

12.21

0.00

7.40

1.39

7.55

Sweden

 Mean

543.58

10.86

1.77

4.20

3.06

1.51

9.95

2.25

2.72

 SD

62.66

2.13

0.45

1.17

1.00

0.50

1.78

1.16

1.23

 Missing (%)

0.00

13.63

2.42

18.91

20.96

0.00

13.18

3.66

13.95

  1. We used multiple imputations to replace missing data, and the reported means and standard deviations (SD) are based on the combined results from the five imputed datasets (see the section on missing data)