Does non-participation in preschool affect children’s reading achievement? International evidence from propensity score analyses

Large-scale Assessments in Education

An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal

Table 1 Distribution of preschool attendance

	Attendance of preschool (in years)				Sample size
	(1) Did not attend	(2) 1 Year or less	(3) Less than 3 years but more than 1 year	(4) 3 Years or more	(5) Original	(6) Present study [(1) and (4)]
Chinese Taipei	53	175	2411	1654	4293	1707
Germany	51	62	952	2935	4000	2986
New Zealand	254	247	3017	2126	5644	2380
Norway	94	70	744	2282	3190	2376
Russia	592	106	615	3148	4461	3740
Singapore	80	98	2215	3973	6367	4053
Slovakia	247	393	1298	3691	5630	3938
Spain	158	222	2351	5848	8580	6006
Sweden	199	114	908	3401	4622	3600
Total	1728	1487	14511	29058	46787	30786

We used multiple imputations to replace missing data, and the reported frequencies are based on the combined results from the five imputed datasets (see the section on missing data)