Table 4 HLM results of the fixed and random effects of the final models

Mathematics performance

371.58

2.95

420.26***

3.49

443.73***

7.64

Student-level variables

 BELONG

ns

–

−6.46***

2.51

ns

–

 PERSEV

ns

–

ns

–

9.78**

3.71

 INSTMOT

ns

–

7.49**

3.03

ns

–

 MATBEH

−5.23*

2.88

−9.70***

2.20

ns

–

 ATTSCHL

5.40***

1.86

8.52***

2.50

7.92**

3.40

 ATTLNACT

−4.95***

1.91

ns

–

−5.38*

2.88

 OPENPS

ns

–

ns

–

ns

–

 FAILMAT

ns

–

ns

–

−8.96***

2.44

 MATHEFF

12.63***

3.69

24.82***

3.53

ns

–

 SCMAT

−7.58**

3.28

ns

–

ns

–

 INTMAT

ns

–

ns

–

−6.81*

3.75

 ANXMAT

−10.16***

2.20

ns

–

−14.37***

3.77

School-level variables

 SBELONG

29.19***

11.63

ns

–

ns

–

 SPERSEV

ns

–

ns

–

ns

–

 SINSTMOT

ns

–

−33.88*

18.90

ns

–

 SMATBEH

−26.15**

13.00

−56.48***

13.37

ns

–

 SATTSCHL

Ns

–

−33.07***

10.03

26.73*

14.00

 SATTLNACT

ns

–

ns

–

ns

–

 SOPENPS

22.57**

10.47

ns

–

37.50*

20.16

 SFAILMAT

ns

–

ns

–

ns

–

 SMATEFF

61.05***

16.85

ns

–

ns

–

 SSCMAT

−36.47**

15.22

ns

–

ns

–

 SANXMAT

ns

–

ns

–

ns

–

 SINTMAT

−65.59***

20.00

ns

–

ns

–

Proportion of variance explained at school level

0.44

0.58

0.25

Proportion of variance explained at student level

0.07

0.17

0.16