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An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal

Table 3 HLM results of the fixed and random effects of the null models

From: Affective characteristics and mathematics performance in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand: what can PISA 2012 data tell us?

Country

Effect

Variable

Parameter estimate

SE

ICC

Indonesia

Fixed

Mathematics performance, \(\gamma_{00}\)

364.34

3.78

0.47

Random

Between-schools variance, \(\tau_{00}\)

1987.01

44.58a

 

Within-schools variance, \(\sigma^{2}\)

222.58

47.13a

Malaysia

Fixed

Mathematics performance, \(\gamma_{00}\)

417.10

5.26

0.35

Random

Between-schools variance, \(\tau_{00}\)

2026.54

45.02a

 

Within-schools variance, \(\sigma^{2}\)

3797.33

61.62a

Thailand

Fixed

Mathematics performance, \(\gamma_{00}\)

443.11

8.43

0.58

Random

Between-schools variance, \(\tau_{00}\)

4224.73

65.00a

 

Within-schools variance, \(\sigma^{2}\)

3109.28

55.76a

  1. aRepresents standard deviation (SD), ICC intraclass correlation coefficient = between-schools variance/(between-schools variance + within-schools variance)