Table 6 Japan: Relationship between measures of teaching for conceptual understanding and mathematics achievement

636.27(6.87)^a

635.90(9.54)^a

635.46(9.44)^a

633.38(8.55)^a

628.25(9.69)^a

624.35(8.76)^a

Gender (male =1, female = 0)†

−1.69(3.27)

−1.68(3.28)

−1.68(3.27)

−1.67(3.28)

−1.64(3.28)

−1.67(3.28)

Home Background Composite

13.52(1.71)^a

13.52(1.71)^a

13.52(1.71)^a

13.52(1.71)^a

13.52(1.71)^a

13.51(1.71)^a

Index: Positive Affects (high v. low)

−18.75(4.48)^a

−18.76(4.49)^a

−18.75(4.49)^a

−18.75(4.49)^a

−18.70(4.46)^a

−18.67(4.48)^a

Index: Positive Affects (high v. med)

−12.13(3.94)^b

−12.14(3.95)^b

−12.14(3.94)^b

−12.13(3.94)^b

−12.07(3.94)^b

−12.10(3.94)^b

Index: Valuing Mathematics (high v. low)†

−21.65(5.45)^a

−21.64(5.44)^a

−21.63(5.44)^a

−21.61(5.45)^a

−21.59(5.45)^a

−21.55(5.44)^a

Index: Valuing Mathematics (high v. med)

−7.05(3.19)^c

−7.04(3.19)^c

−7.04(3.19)^c

−7.03(3.19)^c

−7.03(3.19)^c

−6.97(3.19)^c

Index: Self-confidence (high v. low)

−76.23(6.02)^a

−76.22(6.03)^a

−76.22(6.03)^a

−76.21(6.03)^a

−76.20(6.03)^a

−76.25(6.04)^a

Index: Self-confidence (high v. med)

−35.99(4.9)^a

−35.99(4.9)^a

−35.99(4.91)^a

−35.99(4.9)^a

−36.05(4.9)^a

−36.08(4.91)^a

46.36(13.92)^b

46.56(13.93)^b

46.35(14.14)^b

46.54(13.88)^b

45.87(13.88)^b

45.86(13.73)^b

… interpret data in tables, charts or graphs

−1.07(4.57)

… write equations and functions to represent relationships

−0.48(4.45)

… apply facts, concepts and procedures to solve routine problems

−0.23(3.82)

… relate what they are learning in mathematics to their daily lives

1.38(5.5)

… decide on their own procedures for solving complex problems

5.76(6.88)

… work on problems for which there is no immediately obvious method of solution

8.95(5.75)