Table 4 U.S.: Relationship between measures of teaching for conceptual understanding and mathematics achievement

515.17(7.26)^a

498.91(6.17)^a

516.44(7.68)^a

519.66(5.64)^a

505.49(5.78)^a

511.77(4.84)^a

Gender (male =1, female = 0)†

5.95(2.27)^c

5.83(2.28)^c

5.92(2.28)^c

5.93(2.27)^c

5.99(2.27)^c

5.92(2.27)^c

Home Background Composite

6.20(1.32)^a

6.21(1.32)^a

6.20(1.32)^a

6.20(1.32)^a

6.20(1.32)^a

6.20(1.32)^a

Index: Positive Affects (high v. low)

−2.76(2.86)

−2.54(2.86)

−2.80(2.86)

−2.80(2.86)

−2.73(2.86)

−2.76(2.86)

Index: Positive Affects (high v. med)

−0.14(2.70)

0.07(2.68)

−0.14(2.70)

−0.15(2.70)

−0.09(2.69)

−0.10(2.7)

Index: Valuing Mathematics (high v. low)†

−0.75(6.14)

−0.53(6.12)

−0.70(6.14)

−0.70(6.14)

−0.72(6.14)

−0.61(6.14)

Index: Valuing Mathematics (high v. med)

1.86(3.03)

1.90(3.03)

1.89(3.02)

1.87(3.02)

1.87(3.03)

1.91(3.02)

Index: Self-confidence (high v. low)

−47.33(3.32)^a

−47.40(3.31)^a

−47.32(3.32)^a

−47.30(3.32)^a

−47.29(3.32)^a

−47.34(3.32)^a

Index: Self-confidence (high v. med)

−30.52(2.46)^a

−30.58(2.46)^a

−30.52(2.47)^a

−30.51(2.47)^a

−30.50(2.46)^a

−30.52(2.46)^a

71.26(5.84)^a

66.87(5.72)^a

71.47(5.82)^a

71.48(5.96)^a

72.06(5.81)^a

71.18(5.77)^a

… interpret data in tables, charts or graphs

7.65(7.47)

… write equations and functions to represent relationships

24.78(4.53)^a

… apply facts, concepts and procedures to solve routine problems

1.13(4.54)

… relate what they are learning in mathematics to their daily lives

0.09(2.77)

… decide on their own procedures for solving complex problems

9.49(3.24)^b

… work on problems for which there is no immediately obvious method of solution

7.05(3.34)^c