Teaching for conceptual understanding: A cross-national comparison of the relationship between teachers’ instructional practices and student achievement in mathematics

Large-scale Assessments in Education

An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal

Table 2 Reliabilities (α) for composite covariates

	U.S.	Korea	Japan	Singapore
	α	α	α	α
Home Background Composite	0.65	0.56	0.67	0.62
Positive Affect Toward Mathematics Index (PAT-M)^†	0.86	0.89	0.84	0.88
Self-Confidence in Learning Mathematics Index (SCM)^†	0.84	0.86	0.78	0.82
Students' Valuing Mathematics Index (SVM)^†	0.73	0.74	0.70	0.76