An IERI – International Educational Research Institute Journal
Table 1 The relative effects of age and grade on student achievement at the end of primary school
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study | TIMSS 1995 | TIMSS 1995 | PIRLS 2001/06 | |||||||
estimator | OLS | IV | OLS | |||||||
subject | Math | Science | Math | Science | Reading | |||||
% | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | % | |
grade | age | grade | age | grade | age | grade | age | grade | age | |
Austria | 67.0 | 33.0 | 38.6 | 61.4 | ||||||
Canada | 47.3 | 52.7 | 24.6 | 75.4 | ||||||
Cyprus | 57.1 | 42.9 | 50.5 | 49.5 | 51.5 | 48.5 | 41.5 | 58.5 | ||
Czech Rep. | 60.0 | 40.0 | 64.1 | 35.9 | ||||||
England | 38.4 | 61.6 | 34.3 | 65.7 | 28.4 | 71.6 | 28.4 | 71.6 | ||
Greece | 66.3 | 33.7 | 56.6 | 43.4 | 56.2 | 43.8 | 41.5 | 58.5 | ||
Hungary | 52.3 | 47.7 | 69.6 | 30.4 | ||||||
Iceland | 62.8 | 37.2 | 60.1 | 39.9 | 58.5 | 41.5 | 58.0 | 42.0 | 24.6 | 75.4 |
Japan | 55.1 | 44.9 | 47.7 | 52.3 | 56.3 | 43.7 | 45.9 | 54.1 | ||
Korea | 53.2 | 46.8 | 66.5 | 33.5 | ||||||
Netherlands | 71.0 | 29.0 | 54.7 | 45.3 | ||||||
Norway | 72.1 | 27.9 | 58.5 | 41.5 | 69.8 | 30.2 | 56.6 | 43.4 | 33.3 | 66.7 |
Scotland | 55.3 | 44.7 | 40.4 | 59.6 | 30.4 | 69.6 | 19.7 | 80.3 | ||
Singapore | 75.3 | 24.7 | 76.5 | 23.5 | 57.7 | 42.3 | 55.5 | 44.5 | ||
Slovenia | 42.5 | 57.5 | 44.4 | 55.6 | ||||||
Sweden | 62.8 | 37.2 | ||||||||
Average | 60.3 | 39.7 | 53.1 | 46.9 | 53.5 | 46.5 | 47.3 | 52.7 | 40.2 | 59.8 |